How teat canal keratin depends on the length and diameter of the teat canal in dairy cows

Paulrud, Carl Oskar; Rasmussen, Morten Grud

doi:10.1017/s0022029904000056

Cited by 7 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The study ndings showed that pre-milking teat canal measurements (TCL, TCW, and TCV) were not different between NC and SCH cows (P > 0.05). Previous studies (Klein et al, 2005;Çelik et al, 2008;Paulrud and Rasmussen, 2004) reported that the length of the teat canal was around 1 cm (0.3 to 1.8 cm), although it varied according to race, parity, and lactation period. Similar to previous studies, the current study found that pre-milking TCL was almost identical in both NC and SCH cows (0.85 and 0.88, P > 0.05).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Relationship between blood calcium level and post-milking teat canal closure in dairy cows

Doğan

Yenilmez

2023

Trop Anim Health Prod

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The teat canal-one of the primary defense mechanisms of the udder-ensures the milk ow during milking in bovines and prevents pathogens from entering the udder by forming a barrier through the elastic muscle and keratin layers tightly closing the surrounding area. The current study investigated the effects of blood calcium status on teat closure in cows after milking. The study covered 200 healthy teats, of which 100 were from normocalcemic (NC) cows and 100 were from subclinical hypocalcemic (SCH) cows. Teat canal length (TCL) and width (TCW) were measured with ultrasonography at 0-min premilking and 15-and 30-mins post-milking. Cylindrically shaped teat canal volume (TCV) was calculated by deriving from TCL and TCW. Time-dependent changes in teat canal closure and their relationships with blood calcium levels were analyzed. The results showed that the calcium level did not affect TCL, TCW, and TCV (P > 0.05) during the 15 minutes post-milking period. However, TCL (P < 0.001), TCW (P < 0.05), and TCV (P < 0.001) were higher in NC cows than in SCH cows at 30 minutes post-milking. At 15 minutes post-milking, no correlation existed between the teat canal closure (ΔTCL, ΔTCW, and ΔTCV) and the blood calcium level, while signi cant correlations were available between the teat canal closure and the blood calcium level {ΔTCL (r:-0.288, P < 0.001), ΔTCW (r:-0.260, P < 0.001), ΔTCV (r:-0.150, P < 0.05)} at 30 minutes post-milking. The current study concluded that the blood calcium status signi cantly impacts the teat canal closure in bovines, and calcium status should be meticulously monitored with the mastitis control program to apply necessary strategic steps.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Relationship between blood calcium level and post-milking teat canal closure in dairy cows

Doğan

Yenilmez

2023

Trop Anim Health Prod

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“…However, Porcionato et al (2010) analyzed the association between morphometry, external teat length, and somatic cell count in Dairy Gir and found a lower propensity to mastitis in animals with longer teats. Klein et al (2005) and Paulrud and Rasmussen (2004) also observed that teat length and thickness play an important role in preventing mastitis, since the longer the canal length, the more pronounced the keratin cap, which acts as a natural barrier, preventing contamination with the pathogens that cause mastitis. Therefore, it is important to establish a balance between functionality and health for this trait, given that extremes (very long or short teats) are undesirable .…”

Section: Sta -Ease Of Milkingmentioning

confidence: 97%

Genetic evolution of milk yield, udder morphology and behavior in Gir dairy cattle

Fernandes¹,

Faro

Filho

et al. 2019

R. Bras. Zootec.

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The objective of this study was to analyze the genetic evolution of milk production, udder morphology, and animal behavior of Gir dairy cattle. Data were obtained on the predicted breeding values for milk yield of 60,226 cows born from 1968 to 2015 and standardized predicted breeding values for udder conformation and milking behavior of 7,635 cows born from 1987 to 2015. The influence of tested bulls on genetic trends was discussed, with special focus on the period after 1993, the year when the predicted breeding values of the first group of tested bulls were released. The traits of interest were 305-d milk yield, fore udder attachment, rear udder height, rear udder width, teat length, teat thickness, ease of milking, and reactivity. Significant genetic evolution was observed for 305-d milk yield, with increasing annual growth observed from 1993, as the number of cows sired by the best proven bulls increased. Before 1993, no genetic evolution was observed for any of the studied traits. From 1993 onward, all traits showed genetic gains, except fore udder attachment. The use of geneticallytested bulls since 1993 has led to important genetic gains in the Brazilian Dairy Gir population. Before the identification of genetically superior bulls began, many traits showed no improvement. Selection for milk yield has modified the conformation traits of the Gir mammary system. The longevity of the mammary glands of high-yield cows may be impaired due to poor fore udder attachment. Regarding behavioral traits, this population has evolved to less-reactive animals that are easier to milk.

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Milk flow, teat morphology and subclinical mastitis prevalence in Gir cows

Porcionato

Soares

Reis

et al. 2010

Pesq. agropec. bras.

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-The aim of this work was to evaluate the association between milk flow, teat morphological measurements and subclinical mastitis prevalence in Gir cows. Eighty cows in the 2 nd and 3 rd lactations, with 90 to 200 days of lactation, were divided according to milk flow during milking into fast or slow groups. Teat morphometry was assessed by ultrasound scanning of the right anterior teat and external measurements. Milk samples were collected for somatic cells count (SCC) and microbiological culture. The effect of milk flow during milking was evaluated by analysis of variance of milk yield, SCC, morphometry and external measurements. The association of morphometry and external measurements of the teats with the SCC and microorganisms found in milk were analysed. Milk flow was significantly correlated to milk production. Gir cows with slower milk flow had longer teat canal and greater milk yield, in comparison to cows with fast milk flow. Teat-end to floor distance influenced SCC of Gir cows. Prevalence of subclinical mastitis and the type of mastitis-causing pathogens were not affected by milk flow during milking.Index terms: Gir, lactation, mammary gland, milking, morphology. Fluxo de leite, morfometria de tetos e a prevalência de mastite subclínica em vacas GirResumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a associação entre o fluxo de leite, a morfometria dos tetos e a prevalência de mastite subclínica em vacas Gir. Oitenta vacas em 2 a ou 3 a lactação, com 90 a 200 dias de lactação, foram divididas, de acordo com o fluxo de leite durante a ordenha, nos grupos rápido ou lento. A morfometria de tetos foi avaliada por imagens de ultrassom do teto anterior direito e medidas externas dos tetos. Amostras de leite foram coletadas para a contagem de células somáticas (SCC) e a cultura microbiológica. O efeito do fluxo de leite durante a ordenha foi avaliado pela análise de variância de produção de leite, SCC, morfometria e medidas externas dos tetos. Foi analizada a associação entre a morfometria e medidas externas dos tetos e a SCC e microganismos encontrados no leite. O fluxo de leite foi significativamente correlacionado à produção de leite. As vacas Gir com fluxo de leite mais lento tinham maior comprimento de canal dos tetos e maior produção de leite, em comparação a vacas de fluxo rápido. A distância do teto ao solo influenciou a SCC das vacas Gir. A prevalência de mastite subclínica e o tipo de microrganismo causador de mastite não foram alterados pelo fluxo de leite durante a ordenha.Termos para indexação: Gir, lactação, glândula mamária, ordenha, morfologia.

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How teat canal keratin depends on the length and diameter of the teat canal in dairy cows

Cited by 7 publications

References 2 publications

Relationship between blood calcium level and post-milking teat canal closure in dairy cows

Relationship between blood calcium level and post-milking teat canal closure in dairy cows

Genetic evolution of milk yield, udder morphology and behavior in Gir dairy cattle

Milk flow, teat morphology and subclinical mastitis prevalence in Gir cows

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