How terrorism ends – and does not end: the Basque case

Zulaika, Joseba; Murua, Imanol

doi:10.1080/17539153.2017.1282666

Cited by 18 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Although there were several fatal attacks in the following years, ETA's operational capacity was drastically reduced, while the ezker abertzalea brought pressure to bear on the organization, urging it to declare a new and definitive ceasefire (Loyer 2015;Zulaika and Murua 2017). This came on 20 October 2011, a month before the PP had won the general elections.…”

Section: Results and Discussion: The Leadership Styles Of Aznar And Zmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leadership Styles and War and Peace Policies in the Spanish–Basque Conflict: A Discourse Analysis of José María Aznar and José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero

Sanz

Otero

2018

Social Sciences

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The purpose of this paper is to establish possible links between leadership styles and war and peace policies in the Spanish-Basque conflict. To this end, an analysis was performed of the styles of two Spanish premiers, José María Aznar (1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004) and José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011), both of whom were involved in the same conflict with similar peace policies. The structure of the paper is as follows: an overview of the literature on leadership styles in armed conflict situations and the construction of a theoretical framework; a review of the historical and biographical context; a description of the interview content analysis methodology for measuring leadership styles; a classification of Aznar and Zapatero on the basis of their leadership styles and a comparative analysis of their policies and those enforced by other leaders in a context of internal armed conflict; and the conclusions.

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Section: Results and Discussion: The Leadership Styles Of Aznar And Zmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leadership Styles and War and Peace Policies in the Spanish–Basque Conflict: A Discourse Analysis of José María Aznar and José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero

Sanz

Otero

2018

Social Sciences

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“…The mere fact of framing the end of the armed struggle as a "peace process" involved an implicit and semantic comparison with other violent conflicts all over the world. Transnational mediation appeared to be a strategic resource for the nationalist left struggling to frame the end of ETA as a step in a "peace process", i.e., one that implied a political contention and not merely a question of public order that would be solved through judicial and police measures (Zulaika and Murua 2017). This strategic use of comparison consisted first in involving the European institutions in the conflict settlement, with the Irish precedent in mind, thus updating an old strategy (Bourne 2003).…”

Section: The Global Church and The Political Work Around Transnational Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given the lack of involvement of the EU and-at least publicly-of the states concerned, the actors of the Basque "peace process" turned to non-institutional forms of mediation, within and outside the EU. Zulaika and Murua (2017) labeled this role of international actors in the Basque process "virtual diplomacy". The announcement of the definitive end of its armed activities by ETA on 5 September 2010 was released in the wake of the Brussels Declaration in favor of the peace process.…”

Section: The Global Church and The Political Work Around Transnational Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This strategy was also a way to stage an honorable way out for a weakened armed organization. Zulaika and Murua (2017) proposed a thought-provoking reading of the involvement of the international community by using a theatrical metaphor. They argue that Aiete's "theatrical tolerance" (Zulaika and Murua 2017, p. 352) was particularly useful for the nationalist left "in that it turned the presence of the Spanish State into a sideshow, while it was the international community that acted as the ultimate witness" (Zulaika and Murua 2017, p. 352).…”

Section: The Global Church and The Political Work Around Transnational Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Catholic Mediation in the Basque Peace Process: Questioning the Transnational Dimension

Itçaina

2020

Religions

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The Basque conflict was one of the last ethnonationalist violent struggles in Western Europe, until the self-dissolution in 2018 of ETA (Euskadi ta Askatasuna, Basque Country and Freedom). The role played by some sectors of the Roman Catholic Church in the mediation efforts leading to this positive outcome has long been underestimated, as has the internal pluralism of the Church in this regard. This article specifically examines the transnational dimension of this mediation, including its symbolic aspect. The call to involve the Catholic institution transnationally was not limited to the tangible outcomes of mediation. The mere fact of involving transnational religious and non-religious actors represented a symbolic gain for the parties in the conflict struggling to impose their definitions of peace. Transnational mediation conveyed in itself explicit or implicit comparisons with other ethnonationalist conflicts, a comparison that constituted political resources for or, conversely, unacceptable constraints upon the actors involved.

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“…After 2009, ETA did not commit any violent attacks, and after 2011 ETA gradually disappeared from the Basque and Spanish political scenario. However, the Spanish Government and many other political actors continued acting as if the Basque group was still active, as if they still needed an enemy to combat (Zulaika and Murua, 2017). That could be one of the keys to understanding why the ETA issue might have endured much longer in the pages of some mainstream media organizations than in reality.…”

Section: Media Discourse On Etamentioning

confidence: 99%

Ceasefire as bad news: the coverage of the end of ETA in the Basque and Spanish press

Murua¹,

Piscina²

2017

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, and analyzed how they reported ten significant events that occurred from 2009 to 2011, chosen for their significance in the process. In a qualitative study carried out through discourse analysis and framing theory, we have examined and compared the headlines and news stories of the sample. The study reflects that the editorial line of each media organization regarding the Basque conflict entirely conditioned the perspective from which each one reported the events leading to the end of ETA's campaign. There is a significant difference in the media coverage provided by the Basque and Spanish newspapers. Most Basque newspapers framed the events related to the end of ETA in the context of a desirable peace process. Some influential Spanish media, in contrast, framed these events as if the cessation of violence was an undesirable outcome.

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How terrorism ends – and does not end: the Basque case

Cited by 18 publications

References 4 publications

Leadership Styles and War and Peace Policies in the Spanish–Basque Conflict: A Discourse Analysis of José María Aznar and José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero

Leadership Styles and War and Peace Policies in the Spanish–Basque Conflict: A Discourse Analysis of José María Aznar and José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero

Catholic Mediation in the Basque Peace Process: Questioning the Transnational Dimension

Ceasefire as bad news: the coverage of the end of ETA in the Basque and Spanish press

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