How terrorism ends – and does not end: the Basque case

Zulaika, Joseba; Murua, Imanol

doi:10.4324/9780429454844-9

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Often, ethnic and religious motivations drive terrorism activity in multi-national polarized societies. A prominent example is ETA (Euskadi ta Askatasuna, “Euskadi and Freedom”) in the Basque region in Spain (Zulaika & Murua, 2017).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internet, Political Regime and Terrorism: A Quantitative Analysis

Khokhlov

Korotayev

2022

Cross-Cultural Research

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The Internet provides a medium for the rapid mobilization of dissatisfied citizens and potentially contributes to various forms of political instability, including terrorism. However, the spread of the Internet may not lead to a higher intensity of terrorist attacks because direct perpetrators rely on close personal offline ties, and the national security agencies derive symmetrical benefits from Internet development as terrorists. In addition, the number of connections proxies a general level of country development, which is associated with less terrorist activity. We analyze the relationship between the number of Internet connections and the intensity of terrorist attacks using time-series cross-sectional data from the Global Terrorism Database from 1970 to 2018. Estimation of negative binomial regression models demonstrates an inverse relationship between Internet proliferation and the number of terrorist attacks, which holds for democracies and is absent for autocracies. Our results suggest that Internet proliferation is not a decisive factor in terrorism activity. Its impact on terrorism depends on the type of political regime and the level of socio-economic development.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internet, Political Regime and Terrorism: A Quantitative Analysis

Khokhlov

Korotayev

2022

Cross-Cultural Research

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“…While the independent homeland they demanded included not only the three provinces of the Basque Country but also Navarre and the three Basque provinces in France, their terrorist activities were largely confined to Spain (Casanova 2007). After years of bomb attacks, assassinations, kidnappings, and the extorsion of Basque businesses (in total some one thousand deaths), the group was finally forced to abandon armed struggle and dissolve itself in 2018 (Zulaika and Murua 2017). 4 The origins of ETA can be located not only in the repression of Basque language and institutions during the dictatorship but also in the historic political economy of the Basque Country.…”

Section: The Resurrection Of Nationalism and Regionalismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Putting Federalism in Its Place

Greer¹,

Béland²,

Lecours³

et al. 2023

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supported the project that led to this and the earlier volume, Federalism and Social Policy. Theresa Ramirez and Connie Rockman supported that project with the generosity and competence they always show. Comments from Alan Trench, Janet Laible, and Margitta Mätzke on the initial development of this project were very helpful. Finally, the University of Michigan Press, especially Elizabeth Demers, Kevin Rennells, and Haley Winkle, were the combination of supportive, engaged, tough, and patient that authors always appreciate. CHAPTER 1Why Should We Care about Federalism?In Texarkana there is an unusual building. As its name suggests, the town straddles the border between the U.S. states of Texas and Arkansas. The building stands along the border, half on each side. It is a U.S. federal government building, finished in 1933, that combines post offices and courts. The federal courts serving Texas are on the Texas side, and the federal courts serving Arkansas are on the Arkansas side. A post office, equally divided between the two states, serves both. The street splits to go around the building, with different pavement quality and parking rules on the two sides.That one building in a little-known railroad town is a metaphor for federalism. The states constitute the environment, but the federation constitutes the states. It is a legacy of specific political moments and policy decisions that there is a shared post office, serving the American people, in a unifying federal building that reinforces juridical divides between states in its very design. Perhaps it is telling that it is said (by the town's tourism bureau) to be the second most photographed federal building in the United States. It is of no significant architectural interest-except insofar as its location and its twinned courthouses inscribe federal politics in its stones. Letters mailed there since 1933 have been postmarked with a stamp that marks them as having been mailed in both states: "Texarkana-AR-TX" or "Texarkana, USA."The concrete complexity of a federal building in the American Cotton Belt belies much of what is written about federalism. Much research about the impact of federalism, or any other political or social institution, treats it as a binary variable, present or absent, and then look for its effects. Endless effort has been expended and endless ink spilled in scholarly and popular 1. More specifically, this book focuses primarily on federal countries located in Australasia, North America, and Western Europe, which does not mean the lessons it draws are not applicable to federal countries located outside the Global North, such as Argentina,

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“…Terrorism can be organized as networks of formal organizations, institutions, and other 263 organized elements that work to achieve multiple and sometimes conflicting goals. 9 Terror groups often exhibit some characteristics of networks but seem to have elements of "clan" or kinship groups bound by ideology and culture as well. 10 Joose stated that many scholars have pointed to leaderless modes of mobilization being a hallmark of the ''new terrorism" network.…”

Section: Terrorism As Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%