How the Big Bang End Up Inside a Black Hole

Abstract

The standard model of cosmology assumes that our Universe began 14 Gyrs (billion years) ago with a hot Big Bang expansion out of nothing. It can explain a vast range of different astrophysical data from a handful of free cosmological parameters. However successful this model is, we have no direct evidence or fundamental understanding of some key assumptions: low entropy start, Inflation, Dark Matter and Dark Energy. Here we present a simpler and more physical explanation for the same observations that do not require such assumptions or new laws of Physics. It is based on the evidence that we live inside a Black Hole (BH) of mass $ M \simeq 5 \times 10^{22} M_{\odot}$, which we observed as cosmic acceleration. How did the Big Bang end up inside such a BH? We propose that 25 Gyrs ago, a very low density dust cloud collapsed and form such BH. As there was no pressure support, the collapse continued inside until it reached neutron energy densities (GeV). Causal regions of solar mass size rebound by neutron degeneracy, like a supernovae, producing the Big Bang expansion and compact dark matter remnants. During collapse, perturbations exit the horizon to re-enter during expansion, given rise to the observed universe. We review the evidence for such BH Universe.

A measurement of the scale of homogeneity in the early Universe

“…(4.15)-(4.16). Our universe behaves like the inside of a BH [39][40][41] where the measured ρ Λ corresponds to the BH event horizon [49]. The results we find here, fit better within this bounded Black Hole Universe (BHU) cosmology [40,41] than with the ΛCDM prediction (from Inflation), which is scale invariant and has no cut-off scale, i.e.…”

“…in units of c/H 0 , which behaves like the interior of a BH [40,41]. To see this, consider outgoing radial null geodesic (the Event Horizon at τ , [40,42]):…”

“…This causal scale χ § is slightly smaller than the above trapped surface χ * . We also compared the results with the comoving cut-off 2R/a CMB in super-horizon perturbations predicted by the BHU model [40,41] which corresponds to the radius R = [r Λ r 2 H ] 1/3 of the FLRW cloud which collapsedand bounced into the Big Bang JCAP04(2022)044 expansion. Figure 12 shows that the two predictions 2R/a CMB and χ § scales are consistent with our estimate.…”

The Black Hole Universe, Part I

“…Acknowledgments: I want to thank Marco Bruni, Robert Caldwell, Benjamin Camacho, Ramin G. Daghigh, and Alberto Diez-Tejedor for their feedback to early drafts of this work and to Angela Olinto and Sergio Assad for their hospitality during the summer of 2022, when the latest version of this paper was completed, extracted from earlier unpublished drafts [65,66] which preceded later related publications [59,60,67].…”