How the Necrotrophic Fungus Alternaria brassicicola Kills Plant Cells Remains an Enigma

Cho, Yang Rae

doi:10.1128/ec.00226-14

Cited by 61 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 112 publications

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“…As suspected, changes in photosynthesis efficiency and chloroplast structure in B. juncea leaves after infection with A. brassicicola influenced carbohydrate levels in a leaf position‐dependent manner (Appendix S3). This is probably related to the preferred type of carbohydrates as an energy source by A. brassicicola (Cho ). Furthermore, an increase in the activity of invertases, which are enzymes hydrolysing sucrose, is often observed during infection (Kanwar and Jha ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaf position‐dependent effect of Alternaria brassicicola development on host cell death, photosynthesis and secondary metabolites in Brassica juncea

Macioszek

Wielanek

Morkunas

et al. 2019

Physiologia Plantarum

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During the first 24 hours of infection, Alternaria brassicicola developmental parameters such as conidial germination, germ tubes and appressoria formation on each of the five mature Brassica juncea leaves, correlated with a leaf position showing stronger development of the pathogen on older leaves than on young ones. As a consequence of fungal development, the black spot disease was observed during 96 hours of infection on a macroscopic scale, as well as via confocal microscopy. Degradation of the chloroplast thylakoids and plastoglobule appearance during infection, followed by the decrease in chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters i.e. maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), non‐photochemical quenching (NPQ) and chlorophyll a:b ratio, have been observed. Also, after an initial increase of carbohydrates (glucose, fructose and sucrose), content far below the respective control values was found. The content of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids and glucosinolates increased in a leaf position‐dependent manner in infected leaves, with a lower level in older leaves than in younger ones. Although, the total phenolic compounds (TPCs) content did not differ significantly in infected leaves compared to control leaves, TPCs level in both control and infected leaves was leaf position‐dependent. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on leaf position‐dependent effect on the B. juncea biochemical response to A. brassicicola infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaf position‐dependent effect of Alternaria brassicicola development on host cell death, photosynthesis and secondary metabolites in Brassica juncea

Macioszek

Wielanek

Morkunas

et al. 2019

Physiologia Plantarum

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“…Pathogenic diversity using seed, leaf and true leaf of plant was observed with 30 isolates of naturally occurring A. brassicae populations in AB-infected Brassica spp. fields across the country at the ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, India, during 2013-2014and 2014-2015.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenic Variability within Indian Alternaria brassicae Isolates Using Seed, Cotyledon and Leaf of Brassica Species

Meena

Gupta

Meena

et al. 2017

Journal of Phytopathology

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Thirty Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. isolates from diverse geographical locations of India were studied for pathogenic variability on seed, cotyledon and true leaves of Brassica species. Seed germination was reduced maximum by isolate BAB‐39 in Brassica juncea cultivar Varuna (22.1%), Brassica rapa var. Toria cultivar PT‐303 (12%), Brassica carinata cultivar Kiran (12%), Brassica napus cultivar GSL‐1 (11%) and tolerant source of B. juncea genotype PHR‐2 (7%), although least by isolate BAB‐49. Maximum lesion size on leaf was recorded in B. juncea cultivar Rohini (11.2, 16.5 and 16.8 mm) with isolates BAB‐09 (Pantnagar), BAB‐19 (Bharatpur) and BAB‐39 (Kangra), respectively, and categorized as highly virulent, while minimum lesion size of 3.2, 3.7 and 3.8 mm was observed with isolates BAB‐47 (Tonk), BAB 49 (Jobner) and BAB 04 (Kamroop), respectively, considered the weak isolates. On B. alba, BAB‐09, BAB‐19 and BAB‐39 isolates caused maximum lesion size of 3.7, 3.8 and 3.9 mm, respectively, even though it showed maximum tolerance. In both seed and cotyledon inoculation method, the per cent Alternaria blight severity above 80% was observed with isolate of BAB‐39 (91.5%), BAB‐19 (89.0%), BAB‐09 (85.5%) and least in isolate BAB‐49 (34.0%). Brassica seed, cotyledon and leaf showed the similar positive response for categorizing A. brassicae isolates as virulent and avirulent. This information could be used to the development and assessment of resistant brassica germplasm, especially with A. brassicae populations exhibiting increased virulence.

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“…Alternaria brassicicola mainly penetrates host tissues through appressoria, rarely through stomata (Dixon, ). Penetration by a necrotroph such as A. brassicicola has been strictly correlated with production of phytotoxins (Otani et al ., ; Oka et al ., ) and subsequent killing of host cells (Cho, ). Necrotic lesions observed on leaves and stems as a consequence of A. brassicicola infection were found to measure 0.5–2.5 cm in diameter and were often surrounded by a chlorotic ring (Dixon, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection cycle ofAlternaria brassicicolaonBrassica oleracealeaves under growth room conditions

2018

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Development of the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola was evaluated during infection of three cabbage varieties: Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. alba ‘Stone Head’ (white cabbage), B. oleracea var. capitata f. rubra ‘Langedijker Dauer’ (red cabbage) and B. oleracea var. capitata f. sabauda ‘Langedijker Dauerwirsing’ (Savoy cabbage). Following inoculation of cabbage leaves, conidial germination, germ tube growth, and appressorium formation were analysed during the first 24 h of infection. Differences in the dynamics of fungal development on leaves were observed, e.g. approximately 40% of conidia germinated on Savoy cabbage leaves at 4 h post‐inoculation (hpi) while only 20% germinated on red and white cabbage leaves. Leaf penetration on the three cabbage varieties mainly occurred through appressoria, rarely through stomata. Formation of infection cushions was found exclusively on red cabbage. Appressoria were first observed on red cabbage leaves at 6 hpi, and on white and Savoy cabbage leaves at 8 hpi. Conidiogenesis occurred directly from mature conidia at an early stage of fungal development (10 hpi), but later (48 hpi) it occurred through conidiophores. Disease progress and changes in the morphology of leaf surfaces were also observed. At the final 120 hpi measurement point, necroses on all investigated varieties were approximately the same size. Based on detailed light and electron microscopic analyses, an outline of the A. brassicicola infection cycle on B. oleracea leaves under growth room conditions has been proposed. According to the authors’ knowledge, this report represents the most detailed up‐to‐date description of infection of B. oleracea varieties by A. brassicicola.

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How the Necrotrophic Fungus Alternaria brassicicola Kills Plant Cells Remains an Enigma

Cited by 61 publications

References 112 publications

Leaf position‐dependent effect of Alternaria brassicicola development on host cell death, photosynthesis and secondary metabolites in Brassica juncea

Leaf position‐dependent effect of Alternaria brassicicola development on host cell death, photosynthesis and secondary metabolites in Brassica juncea

Pathogenic Variability within Indian Alternaria brassicae Isolates Using Seed, Cotyledon and Leaf of Brassica Species

Infection cycle ofAlternaria brassicicolaonBrassica oleracealeaves under growth room conditions

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