How They Moved and Lifted Heavy Stones to Build the Great Pyramid

Abstract

We present a new feasible theory about how the ancient Egyptians moved and lifted heavy stones and how they built the Great Pyramid of Giza around 2500 BC, from the viewpoint of energy management taking account of the vast quantity of the stones needed for the Pyramid. We give our solutions to the following three mysteries of the Pyramid: 1) How they could overcome the difficulty in making the four straight edges of the Pyramid meet in one point, high up in the sky? 2) Why all of chambers and passages (the King's and the Queen's chambers, the Grand Gallery and other passages), except the Subterranean chamber, are away from the central axis about seven meters eastwards? 3) For what purpose they dug the Subterranean Chamber, thirty meters deep?

How Obelisks Were Constructed, Moved, Shaped, and Erected in the Ancient Egypt

“…This assumption we already adopted in (Kato, 2020) as a reasonable one to explain the construction of the Great Pyramid and so, we may even be able to adopt more than this, since the time of high obelisk we concern in this article is about 1500BC, a millennium after the Pyramid Age. A bit precisely, we might say that the history of the truely high obelisks started when Sesostris I BC, the Middle Kingdom) erected obelisks, one of which is 20.7 meters high (weighs about 121 tons) and is still standing in its original position at Heliopolis; see the chronological list of obelisks in (Jansson, 2019).…”

“…(Such simple mechanism can be seen nowadays in the so-called "pile driver" or "post pounder.") So, some device to raise and drop a heavy stone would be needed, and we propose a wooden lift with horizontal rotatable poles as in Figure 2, which was already proposed in (Kato, 2020) for the construction of the Great Pyramid. Figure 2 is somewhat simplified to show rather its mechanism (as remarked at the end of Section 1), and note that the vertical thick posts in this figure can be replaced by any wooden towers as in Figure 3, where two such towers support a rotatable pole.…”

“…But how should we do it? Our solution is already given essentially in (Kato, 2020), which we are going to explain. First, we prepare prisms of stone as in Figure 21, either of which can be obtained by chamfering a stone of cuboid or triangular prism, and with use any prism on the left side will soon be worn into the shape on the right side.…”

“…Hence we can draw both horizontal lines and vertical lines anywhere on all side faces of the obelisk in Figure 25. (We showed in (Kato, 2020) how a plumb was effectively used in the precision shaping of the Great Pyramid.) In order to flatten the faces of the obelisk we propose a blade as in Figure 26 a bit different from the blade of Figure 1.…”

Wooden Rockers Were Open Mould for Mudbrick or Concrete Ones

“…In our former papers, (Kato, 2020) and (Kato, 2021), we have already introduced "rocker made of stone" like Figure 7 which we assumed to be obtained by chamfering a stone of cuboid. In (Kato, 2020) we described it as "trapezoidal prism" and showed how such a trapezoidal prism can be used in rotating or in turning a heavy stone (Kato, 2020). Further, in (Kato, 2021) we employed such rocker as one of principal means to maneuver heavy long obelisks (Kato, 2021).…”