How thinking hurts: Rumination, worry, and avoidance processes in adjustment to bereavement

Eisma, Maarten C.; Lang, Thomas A. de; Boelen, Paul A.

doi:10.1002/cpp.2440

Cited by 53 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…This result is consistent with the proposal that rumination and worry may lead to loneliness. The mechanisms tend to be a strain in close relationships, promote an inward focus leading to less engagement in other people and outward tasks, and encourage behavioral inactivity that hinders access to corrective experiences ( 21 – 23 ). Future studies should assess whether rumination and worry create loneliness, whether loneliness creates rumination and worry, or whether the relationship is reciprocal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, individuals brooding about their loneliness may lead to the conclusion that seeking contact will fail. Worry increases appraisals of the probability and cost of negative outcomes of future events (e.g., “They will reject me,”) ( 23 ). Both of these internal activities may provide reasons for behavioral withdrawal, leading to less access to experiences that could disconfirm the very thoughts strengthened by rumination and worry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Loneliness and Social Distancing During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Risk Factors and Associations With Psychopathology

2020

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Background: The mitigation strategies employed against the COVID-19 pandemic have severe mental health consequences. In particular, as a result of the social distancing protocols, loneliness is likely to increase. This study investigates (a) potential risk and resilience factors for loneliness in the Norwegian population during the strict social distancing non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) implemented against the pandemic and (b) the associations between loneliness and psychopathology symptoms.Methods: A survey was disseminated online to the adult Norwegian population when strict social distancing measures had been implemented for 2 weeks. The resulting sample of 10,061 respondents was unproportionate in terms of gender and educational level and thus sensitivity analyses were conducted. The levels of loneliness were compared across demographic sub-groups, and regression analyses were conducted to identify potential risk and resilience factors for loneliness and associations between loneliness and psychopathology symptoms.Results: Among the stable factors, being single and having a psychiatric diagnosis were related to more loneliness with small effect sizes. Among the state risk factors, more rumination and worry in general were associated with stronger loneliness, showing a medium effect size. Among the coping behaviors examined, doing new things at home not done otherwise was negatively related to loneliness, with a small effect size. Loneliness was associated with both depression and anxiety with small effect sizes when all potential confounders and psychiatric diagnosis were controlled for. The relationship to depression was more marked than the relationship to anxiety.Conclusions: The findings suggest that singles and those with a psychiatric diagnosis were most affected by loneliness during the implementation of social distancing measures to impede the coronavirus. The results support the link between loneliness and depression and anxiety symptoms. The results of the analysis of potential risk and resilience factors point to intervention targets for reducing loneliness during pandemic crises.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loneliness and Social Distancing During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Risk Factors and Associations With Psychopathology

2020

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“…This result is consistent with the proposal that rumination and worry may lead to loneliness. The mechanisms tend to be a strain in close relationships, promote an inward focus leading to less engagement in other people and outward tasks, and encourage behavioral inactivity that hinders access to corrective experiences (21)(22)(23). Future studies should assess whether rumination and worry create loneliness, whether loneliness creates rumination and worry, or whether the relationship is reciprocal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loneliness and social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic: Risk factors and associations with psychopathology

Hoffart¹,

Johnson²,

Ebrahimi³

2020

Preprint

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Background: The mitigation strategies employed against the COVID-19 pandemic have severe mental health consequences. In particular, as a result of the social distancing protocols, loneliness is likely to increase. The aim of the present study was to investigate (a) the levels of loneliness in the Norwegian population during the strict social distancing non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) implemented against the pandemic, (b) the risk and resilience factors for loneliness and (c) the associations between loneliness and psychopathology symptoms. Methods: A survey was disseminated online to the adult Norwegian population when strict social distancing measures had been implemented for two weeks. The resulting sample of 10084 respondents was proportionally biased in terms of gender and educational level and sensitivity analyses were conducted. The levels of loneliness were compared to those found in other studies during non-pandemic circumstances, loneliness levels were compared across demographic sub-groups, and regression analyses were conducted to identify risk and resilience factors for loneliness and associations between loneliness and psychopathology symptoms. Results: Loneliness levels were higher than in comparable samples measured during non-pandemic circumstances. Among stable factors and as hypothesized, being single and having a psychiatric diagnosis were related to more loneliness with clinically significant effect sizes. Among state risk factors and as hypothesized, more rumination and worry in general was associated with stronger loneliness, showing a clinically significant effect size. Among the coping behaviors explored, doing new things at home not done otherwise was negatively related to loneliness, with a clinically significant effect size. Loneliness predicted both depression and anxiety with clinically significant effect sizes, when all potential confounders as well as psychiatric diagnosis were controlled. The relationship to depression was more marked. Conclusions: The findings support that loneliness is increased during implementation of social distancing measures to impede the coronavirus. Singles and those with a psychiatric diagnosis were most affected. The results support the link between loneliness and depression and anxiety. The results of the analysis of risk and resilience factors point to intervention targets for reducing loneliness during pandemic crises.

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“…Borkovec et al, 1998). Indeed, worry predicts worsening of prolonged grief symptoms over time (Eisma et al, 2017), and cognitive avoidance has been shown to partially mediate the relationship between worry and prolonged grief symptoms (Eisma et al, 2020a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Restoration-oriented stressors of bereavement

Eisma

Lang

Stroebe

2021

Anxiety, Stress, & Coping

Self Cite

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Background and objectives: The Dual Process Model of Coping with Bereavement holds that bereaved people who respond flexibly to lossoriented stressors (i.e., relating to the loss; to the deceased person) and restoration-oriented stressors (i.e., secondary to loss; daily-life changes, taking on new roles) adapt better to bereavement. Despite growing interest in the Dual Process Model, systematic analyses of the prevalence, characteristics, and correlates of restoration-oriented stressors are lacking. Therefore, we aimed to chart restoration-oriented stressors and their relationship with post-loss adaptation. Design and methods: A community sample of 181 bereaved adults (63% women) completed the 20-item expert-construed Restoration-Oriented Stressors Inventory (ROSI) and questionnaires assessing background characteristics, worry, and prolonged grief and depression symptoms. Results: Main findings were that younger people, and those who lost a parent, partner, or child (vs. other relationship) experienced more restoration-oriented stressors and appraised these as more stressful. Stressors' perceived stressfulness, but not their quantity, related positively to worry. Perceived stressfulness predicted prolonged grief and depression symptoms beyond background characteristics, worry, and the number of stressors. Conclusion: Restoration-oriented stressors and their appraisal vary and relate to coping and post-loss mental health. Future research should clarify temporal interrelations between stressors, coping mechanisms, and outcomes.

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How thinking hurts: Rumination, worry, and avoidance processes in adjustment to bereavement

Cited by 53 publications

References 62 publications

Loneliness and Social Distancing During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Risk Factors and Associations With Psychopathology

Loneliness and Social Distancing During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Risk Factors and Associations With Psychopathology

Loneliness and social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic: Risk factors and associations with psychopathology

Restoration-oriented stressors of bereavement

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