How to calculate sample size in animal studies?

Charan, Jaykaran; Kantharia, ND

doi:10.4103/0976-500x.119726

Cited by 1,332 publications

(871 citation statements)

References 7 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

855

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Sample size was determined by the ‘resource equation’ method (Charan & Kantharia, 2013), and value E was kept between 10 and 20. P ‐values were determined using paired or unpaired two‐tailed t‐ test for comparing two groups.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of age‐associated exhausted CD8⁺ T cells defined by increased expression of Tim‐3 and PD‐1

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SummaryAging is accompanied by altered T‐cell responses that result in susceptibility to various diseases. Previous findings on the increased expression of inhibitory receptors, such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1), in the T cells of aged mice emphasize the importance of investigations into the relationship between T‐cell exhaustion and aging‐associated immune dysfunction. In this study, we demonstrate that T‐cell immunoglobulin mucin domain‐3 (Tim‐3), another exhaustion marker, is up‐regulated on aged T cells, especially CD8+ T cells. Tim‐3‐expressing cells also produced PD‐1, but Tim‐3+ PD‐1+ CD8+ T cells had a distinct phenotype that included the expression of CD44 and CD62L, from Tim‐3− PD‐1+ cells. Tim‐3+ PD‐1+ CD8+ T cells showed more evident properties associated with exhaustion than Tim‐3− PD‐1+ CD8+ T cells: an exhaustion‐related marker expression profile, proliferative defects following homeostatic or TCR stimulation, and altered production of cytokines. Interestingly, these cells produced a high level of IL‐10 and induced normal CD8+ T cells to produce IL‐10, which might contribute to immune dysregulation in aged mice. The generation of Tim‐3‐expressing CD8+ T cells in aged mice seems to be mediated by encounters with antigens but not by specific infection, based on their high expression of CD49d and their unbiased TCR Vβ usage. In conclusion, we found that a CD8+ T‐cell population with age‐associated exhaustion was distinguishable by its expression of Tim‐3. These results provide clues for understanding the alterations that occur in T‐cell populations with age and for improving dysfunctions related to the aging of the immune system.

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of age‐associated exhausted CD8⁺ T cells defined by increased expression of Tim‐3 and PD‐1

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A total of 100 mice were randomized into 10 different infection/antifungal therapy arms. Sample size of this animal experiment was considered as adequate based on the ‘resource equation’ method (Charan and Kantharia, 2013). Mice were rendered neutropenic by receiving 150 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide via IP injection on day −4 and day −1 prior to infection respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

CD101: a novel long‐acting echinocandin

Zhao

Perez

Jiménez‐Ortigosa

et al. 2016

Cellular Microbiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SummaryCD101 is a novel echinocandin drug being developed to treat severe fungal infections including invasive candidiasis. We have performed a series of studies to evaluate the antifungal properties of CD101 against both echinocandin‐susceptible and ‐resistant Candida strains. Antifungal susceptibility testing performed on a collection of 95 Candida strains including 30 caspofungin‐resistant isolates containing fks mutations demonstrated comparable antifungal potency of CD101 relative to micafungin (MCF) across different Candida species. Comparable kinetic inhibition of glucan synthase activity was also observed for CD101 and MCF on both wild‐type (WT) and resistant fks mutant Candida strains. Similarly, both drugs yielded nearly identical values for a mutant prevention concentration. In a murine model of invasive candidiasis, CD101 displayed better or at least comparable efficacy relative to MCF in treating WT or fks mutant Candida albicans. An exceptional long‐lived pharmacokinetic profile was observed in mice following a single dose of CD101. Collectively, CD101 has great potential not only in treating invasive Candida infections but also in preventing emergence of resistance to currently approved echinocandin drugs.

show abstract

“…El tamaño muestral se calculó con datos obtenidos de una prueba piloto, asumiendo en el caso de las glicemias, un tamaño de efecto de 50 mg/dL y una desviación estándar de 30 mg/ dL, con un error alfa de 0.05 y una potencia estadística de 90%; de acuerdo a lo mencionado por Charan et al (27) . El manejo de los animales de laboratorio se hizo cumpliendo estrictamente con las normas establecidas para el uso de animales en trabajos de laboratorio, respetando sus derechos universales de acuerdo con la Declaración de la Asociación Médica Mundial sobre el uso de animales en la investigación biomédica (28) .…”

Section: Animales De Experimentaciónunclassified

Toxicidad, actividad antioxidante in vitro e hipoglicemiante in vitro e in vivo del extracto acuoso de Juglans neotropica Diels (nogal peruano)

Aranda-Ventura¹,

Vallejo²,

Sotero³

et al. 2017

Rev. per. med. integr.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objetivos: Evaluar la toxicidad, actividad antioxidante e hipoglicemiante del extracto acuoso liofilizado de Juglans neotropica Diels “nogal peruano”. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó una caracterización fitoquímica mediante cromatografía de gases y espectrometría de masas. La toxicidad fue medida en larvas de Artemia salina. La actividad antioxidante fue medida usando el test de 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH). La actividad hipoglicemiante in vitro fue evaluada mediante la prueba de inhibición de α-glucosidasa; e in vivo mediante el uso de 36 ratas albinas divididas en cuatro grupos de acuerdo a la dosis suministrada (Glibenclamida 10 mg/kg, J.neotropica 100 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg y 500 mg/kg).Resultados: dentro de los fitoconstituyentes se encontraron compuestos piranos, carbohidratos y fenoles.Con respecto a la letalidad, se encontró una CL50 de 3108 ug/mL. La mayor actividad antioxidante con el test de DPPH fue encontrada en la concentración de 20 mg/mL (86.68 ± 0.71%) con una IC50: (3.8 ± 0.31 mg/mL). La concentración de 2000 ug/mL y 1750 ug/mL mostraron la mejor actividad inhibitoria de la α-glucosidasa (IC50: 399.39 ug/mL). Se observó que había diferencia significativa (p<0.05) al comparar el grupo glibenclamida con la dosis de Juglans neotropica D 250 mg/kg (CIC: 0.95; IC95%: 0.59-0.99) y 500 mg/kg. Conclusiones: El extracto acuoso liofilizado de Juglans neotropica Diels “nogal peruano” no es tóxico, tiene buena capacidad antioxidante y actividad hipoglicemiante in vitro e in vivo a unas concentraciones de 2000 ug/mL y 250 mg/kg, respectivamente.

show abstract

How to calculate sample size in animal studies?

Cited by 1,332 publications

References 7 publications

Characterization of age‐associated exhausted CD8⁺ T cells defined by increased expression of Tim‐3 and PD‐1

Characterization of age‐associated exhausted CD8⁺ T cells defined by increased expression of Tim‐3 and PD‐1

CD101: a novel long‐acting echinocandin

Toxicidad, actividad antioxidante in vitro e hipoglicemiante in vitro e in vivo del extracto acuoso de Juglans neotropica Diels (nogal peruano)

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

How to calculate sample size in animal studies?

Cited by 1,332 publications

References 7 publications

Characterization of age‐associated exhausted CD8+ T cells defined by increased expression of Tim‐3 and PD‐1

Characterization of age‐associated exhausted CD8+ T cells defined by increased expression of Tim‐3 and PD‐1

CD101: a novel long‐acting echinocandin

Toxicidad, actividad antioxidante in vitro e hipoglicemiante in vitro e in vivo del extracto acuoso de Juglans neotropica Diels (nogal peruano)

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Characterization of age‐associated exhausted CD8⁺ T cells defined by increased expression of Tim‐3 and PD‐1

Characterization of age‐associated exhausted CD8⁺ T cells defined by increased expression of Tim‐3 and PD‐1