How to efficient and high-value recycling of electronic components mounted on waste printed circuit boards: Recent progress, challenge, and future perspectives

Niu, Bo; Shanshan, E; Xu, Zhenming; Guo, Jie

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137815

Cited by 27 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 148 publications

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“…The fundamental composition of PCBs is the Cu-clad laminate, which comprises organic substrates, such as polyimide, epoxy resin with glass fibre reinforcement, and polytetrafluoroethylene [30][31][32]. This laminate incorporates various metallic elements, including valuable metals, to achieve internal electrical connectivity within the board [33]. Categorised by their structure, arrangement, and board configuration, PCBs can be classified into the following categories, based on the number of layers and board forms:…”

Section: Pcbs and Their Categoriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Within the domain of e-waste, the metallic makeup of PCBs displays variability influenced by factors such as the specific categorisation of discarded materials, the origin of the materials and the manufacturing timeframe of the PCBs. DPCBs inherently harbour significant quantities of precious metals, rendering them an exceptionally enticing segment within the electronic waste domain, and consequently establishing them as a particularly alluring stream for recycling initiatives [23,33].…”

Section: Materials Constituents Of Dpcbsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Discarded e-waste/printed circuit boards: a review of their recent methods of disassembly, sorting and environmental implications

Oke,

Potgieter

2024

J Mater Cycles Waste Manag

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The improper disposal of discarded electronic and electrical equipment raises environmental and health concerns, spanning air pollution to water and soil contamination, underscoring the imperative for responsible management practises. This review explores the complex composition of discarded printed circuit boards (DPCBs), crucial components in electronic devices. Comprising substrates, electronic elements and solder, DPCBs showcase a heterogeneous structure with metal (30.0–50.0%) and non-metal (50.0–70.0%) fractions. Notably abundant in precious metals such as Au, Ag, and Pd, DPCBs offer a compelling avenue for recycling initiatives. The inclusion of heavy metals and flame retardants adds complexity, necessitating environmentally sound disposal methods. Ongoing research on smart disassembly, utilising 3D image recognition technology, underscores the importance of accurate identification and positioning of electronic components (ECs). The targeted approach of smart disassembly, centred on valuable components, highlights its significance, albeit with challenges in equipment costs and capacity limitations. In mechanical disassembly, techniques such as grinding and heat application are employed to extract ECs, with innovations addressing gas emissions and damage induced by overheating. Chemical disassembly methods, encompassing epoxy resin delamination and tin removal, present promising recovery options, whilst the integration of chemical and electrochemical processes shows potential. Efficient sorting, encompassing both manual and automated methods, is imperative post-disassembly, with smart sorting technologies augmenting accuracy in the identification and categorisation of ECs. In addition, explorations into NH3/NH4+ solutions for selective metal recovery underscore challenges and stress the necessity for meticulous process optimisation in environmentally sustainable PCB recycling. Challenges and future perspectives have also been expounded.

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Section: Pcbs and Their Categoriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Materials Constituents Of Dpcbsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discarded e-waste/printed circuit boards: a review of their recent methods of disassembly, sorting and environmental implications

Oke,

Potgieter

2024

J Mater Cycles Waste Manag

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“…So, even if recycling e-waste and reusing their components, with a similar purpose to the original one, remain the preferred approaches, the recovery of all the components is often hindered by the intricate nature of electronic devices [ 5 ]. Extended activities in research and procedure optimization have been performed in this sense, leading to the development of specific recycling chains, after the preliminary steps of dismantling, sorting, and mechanical pretreatment (such as shredding and crushing) [ 6 , 7 , 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glassy Powder Derived from Waste Printed Circuit Boards for Methylene Blue Adsorption

Javaid,

Zanoletti,

Serpe

et al. 2024

Molecules

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Electronic waste (e-waste) is one of the fastest-growing waste streams in the world and Europe is classified as the first producer in terms of per capita amount. To reduce the environmental impact of e-waste, it is important to recycle it. This work shows the possibility of reusing glassy substrates, derived from the MW-assisted acidic leaching of Waste Printed Circuit Boards (WPCBs), as an adsorbent material. The results revealed an excellent adsorption capability against methylene blue (MB; aqueous solutions in the concentration range 10−5 M–2 × 10−5 M, at pH = 7.5). Comparisons were performed with reference samples such as activated carbons (ACs), the adsorbent mostly used at the industrial level; untreated PCB samples; and ground glass slides. The obtained results show that MW-treated WPCB powder outperformed both ground glass and ground untreated PCBs in MB adsorption, almost matching AC adsorption. The use of this new adsorbent obtained through the valorization of e-waste offers advantages not only in terms of cost but also in terms of environmental sustainability.

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“…The most popular methods for recycling metals from WPCBs are the well-known hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical processes [12][13][14]. Many reviews have been published in the literature on the current status of extraction methods and perspectives [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. These have been presented as physical, mechanical, and thermal pre-treatment steps, followed by physical, pyrolysis, supercritical fluid, pyrometallurgical (smelting-refining), and hydrometallurgical processes with chemical leaching.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These have been presented as physical, mechanical, and thermal pre-treatment steps, followed by physical, pyrolysis, supercritical fluid, pyrometallurgical (smelting-refining), and hydrometallurgical processes with chemical leaching. Various approaches and techniques for the selective recovery of metal elements from the leachate, including ionic liquids, DESs, solvent extraction, electrowinning, adsorption, and different precipitation methods, have been discussed in the literature in recent years ( [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28], and literature cited therein).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of Strategic Metals from Waste Printed Circuit Boards with Deep Eutectic Solvents and Ionic Liquids

Domańska,

Wiśniewska,

Dąbrowski

2024

Processes

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The recycling of metals from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) has been presented as a solid–liquid extraction process using two deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and four ionic liquids (ILs). The extraction and separation of Cu(II), Ag(I), and other metals, such as Al(III), Fe(II), and Zn(II), from the solid WPCBs (after the physical, mechanical, and thermal pre-treatments) with different solvents are demonstrated. Two popular DESs were used to recover valuable metal ions: (1) choline chloride + malonic acid, 1:1, and (2) choline chloride + ethylene glycol, 1:2. The extraction efficiencies of DES 1 after two extraction and two stripping stages were only 15.7 wt% for Cu(II) and 17.6 wt% for Ag(I). The obtained results were compared with those obtained with four newly synthetized ILs as follows: didecyldimethylammonium propionate ([N10,10,1,1][C2H5COO]), didecylmethylammonium hydrogen sulphate ([N10,10,1,H][HSO4]), didecyldimethylammonium dihydrogen phosphate ([N10,10,1,1][H2PO4]), and tetrabutylphosphonium dihydrogen phosphate ([P4,4,4,4][H2PO4]). Various additives, such as didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride surfactant, DDACl; hydrogen peroxide, H2O2; trichloroisocyanuric acid, TCCA; and glycine or pentapotassium bis(peroxymonosulphate) bis(sulphate), PHM, were used with ILs during the extraction process. The solvent concentration, quantity of additivities, extraction temperature, pH, and solid/liquid, as well as organic/water ratios, and the selectivity and distribution ratios were described for all of the systems. The utilization of DESs and the new ILs with different additives presented in this work can serve as potential alternative extractants. This will help to compare these extractants, additives, extraction efficiency, temperature, and time of extraction with those of others with different formulas and procedures. The metal ion content in aqueous and stripped organic solutions was determined by the ICP-MS or ICP-OES methods. The obtained results all show that solvent extraction can successfully replace traditional hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical methods in new technologies for the extraction of metal ions from a secondary electronic waste, WPCBs.

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How to efficient and high-value recycling of electronic components mounted on waste printed circuit boards: Recent progress, challenge, and future perspectives

Cited by 27 publications

References 148 publications

Discarded e-waste/printed circuit boards: a review of their recent methods of disassembly, sorting and environmental implications

Discarded e-waste/printed circuit boards: a review of their recent methods of disassembly, sorting and environmental implications

Glassy Powder Derived from Waste Printed Circuit Boards for Methylene Blue Adsorption

Recovery of Strategic Metals from Waste Printed Circuit Boards with Deep Eutectic Solvents and Ionic Liquids

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