Context: Rising expenditures threaten the sustainability of many healthcare systems. In the Netherlands for example, health spending is predicted to rise from 13% of GDP in 2010GDP in , to 22% in 2040, straining the affordability of the system [2]. In response, some governments have reformed their nation's healthcare sector [3]. However, integrating the delivery of healthcare services could provide a more practical solution to curbing rising expenditures [4].Substitution of care is therefore high on the (political) agenda in the Netherlands [5]. In unison, the government defined nine pioneer sites (i.e. 'Proeftuinen') in which stakeholders experiment with the restructuring of service delivery based on the population management (PM) concept. Although a widely accepted definition is lacking [6], PM initiatives generally address a population's health needs at all points along the health and well-being continuum through integration. Regional stakeholders are thus expected to establish partnerships with each other, aimed at improving Triple Aim outcomes [7].In the majority of the pioneer sites, stakeholders have focused their efforts on integrating primary and secondary care, resulting in so-called Primary Care Plus (PC+) initiatives in which medical specialists are placed in primary care settings to treat patients with less complex medical needs. By better integration between primary and secondary care, these initiatives aim to reduce the amount of unnecessary referrals to expensive hospital settings. Instead, patients are treated in less expensive, yet equally adequate, primary care settings.Target participants: This workshop, chaired by Dirk Ruwaard, professor at Maastricht UMC / Maastricht University, presents results of several research projects within the 'Academic Collaborative Center for Sustainable Health Care' focused on integrated care. Specifically, the workshop addresses integration of primary and secondary care and it is intended for all who are interested or involved in such initiatives. We will commence by describing w hich decisions shaped the creation of PC+ centers, to what extent interests and ideals of stakeholders conflicted, and how these conflicts were resolved. Next, we illustrate how the Dutch antitrust regulations influence the prosperity of initiatives attempting to integrated