“…Vanderdonckt and Gillo [1994] proposed five visual techniques (physical composition, association and dissociation, ordering, and photographic techniques), which identified more visual design properties than traditional balance, symmetry, and alignment measures. Rauterberg [1996a] proposed and validated four measures (functional feedback, interactive directness, application flexibility, and dialog flexibility) to evaluate WIMP UIs. Quantitative measures have been incorporated into automated layout tools [Bodart et al 1994;Kim and Foley 1993] as well as several automated analysis tools [Mahajan and Shneiderman 1997;Parush et al 1998;Sears 1995], discussed immediately below.…”