How to realize a natural image reproduction using stereoscopic displays with motion parallax

Abstract

In order to achieve a realistic image representation with a high degree of telepresence, stereoscopy is known as a very powerful means. Motion parallax is another important visual cue. It contributes to the naturalness of vision and can reduce artifacts of common stereoscopic representation techniques. This paper focuses on the ratio of (real or virtual) camera movement to head movement ("gain of motion parallax") and on the image reproduction conditions that allow perceiving a stable and natural stereoscopic image providing motion parallax. Results show that the gain of motion parallax should be adjustable by the viewer. For most observers, the preferred gain is lower than the geometrically correct value of 1. A good starting point seams to be a value of 0.75. All three dimensions of head movement and the individual (and currently actual) interocular distance should be taken into account when calculating the appropriate views. Spatial quantization of eye position should be better than 5 min of arc, and temporal sampling of eye position should be done with 40 Hz or more

Using motion parallax for laparoscopic surgery

“…However, the prototype provided motion parallax in the horizontal plane only. Nonetheless, all three dimensions of head movements of the observer are necessary when reproducing motion parallax . In addition, none of the present studies indicated the ratio of the head movement to the laparoscope movement, which is significantly different from a regular stereo vision system.…”

“…In the typical stereo vision system, to obtain an undistorted reproduction of motion parallax, the ratio of the camera movement distance k to the head movement distance w is required to be 1:1. Runde proposed the ratio ‘gain of motion parallax’, which should be adjustable by the viewer, and for most observers, the preferred gain was approximately 0.75.…”

“…Within the context of this study, we aimed to introduce the concept of motion parallax to a laparoscope system to reproduce natural images. Motion parallax, which represents motion mapping from the observer's head to the camera, has the ability to correct 3D scene distortion caused by the observer's movements , and more importantly, it creates better vision by allowing the observer to look around objects. In addition to stereo parallax, which common stereoscopic laparoscopes represent, motion parallax is the second most important depth cue .…”

“…Hoshino studied whether motion parallax reproduction matched with the subjective perception of the observers or not. Runde provided the ratio of the camera movement to the head movement and image reproduction conditions, which allowed a stable and natural stereoscopic image with motion parallax perception. Reilink designed an endoscopic camera system controlled by head movements, which could release the surgeon's hands from operating the instruments.…”

High immersive three-dimensional tabletop display system with high dense light field reconstruction

“…Runde pointed that the number of views per degree of viewing angle should be above 12 [12]. To select the appropriate value of N, here, we take a spatial straight line as an example.…”