How to Regulate the Migration Ability of Emulsions in Micro-Scale Pores: Droplet Size or Membrane Strength?

Abstract

Micro visualization has become an important means of solving colloid and interface scientific problems in enhanced oil recovery. It can establish a relationship between a series of performance evaluations of an oil-water interface under macroscopic dimensions and the actual application effect in confined space, and more truly and reliably reflect the starting and migration behavior of crude oil or emulsion in rock pores. In this article, zwitterionic surfactant alkyl sulfobetaine (ASB) and anionic extended surfactant alkyl polyoxypropylene sulfate (A145) were employed as flooding surfactants. The macroscopic properties of the surfactant solutions, such as the oil-water interfacial tension (IFT), the interfacial dilational rheology and the viscosity of crude oil emulsions, have been measured. At the same time, we link these parameters with the oil displacement effect in several visual glass models and confirm the main factors affecting the migration ability of emulsions in micro-scale pores. The experimental results show that ASB reduces the IFT through mixed adsorption with crude oil fractions. The flat arrangement of the large hydrophilic group of ASB molecules enhances the interactions between the surfactant molecules on the oil-water interface. Compared with sulfate, betaine has higher interfacial membrane strength and emulsion viscosity. A145 has a strong ability to reduce the IFT against crude oil because of the larger size effect of the PO chains at the oil side of the interface. However, the membrane strength of A145 is moderate and the emulsion does not show a viscosity-increasing effect. During the displacement process, the deformation ability of the front emulsions or oil banks is the main controlling factor of the displacement efficiency, which is determined by the membrane strength and emulsion viscosity. The strong interfacial membrane strength and the high emulsion viscosity are not conducive to the migration of droplets in pore throats and may result in low displacement efficiency.

Effect of Anionic Surfactants on the Oil–Water–Rock Interactions by an Improved Washburn Method

“…In addition, there is also a kinetic mechanism for anionic surfactants increasing the three-phase contact angle. Sun et al [ 32 ] found that the contact angle of crude oil in anionic surfactants was higher than that in simulated water through macroscopic oil–water–solid contact angle experiments. The results indicated that the surfactant molecules adsorbed at the oil–water interface and solid surface, and generated separation pressure at the three-phase contact point through electrostatic repulsion, which enhanced their ability to strip the oil film on the solid surface.…”

CCDC88C, an O-GalNAc glycosylation substrate of GALNT6, drives breast cancer metastasis by promoting c-JUN-mediated CEMIP transcription

“…O-linked glycosylation often occurs in the Golgi and Endoplasmic Reticulum [6]. O-glycans are generated by adding Nacetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), N-acetylglucosamine, fucose, glucose, xylose, mannose, or galactose to serine (Ser) and threonine (Thr) residues of proteins [7]. O-GalNAc glycosylation (Mucin-type Oglycosylation) is initiated by a family of 20 homologous genes encoding polypeptide GalNActransferases (ppGALNTs), and the enzymatic process is initiated in in the Golgi [6,8].…”