How well are sunscreen users protected?

Stokes, R.P.; Diffey, Brian

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0781.1997.tb00227.x

Cited by 120 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…It has been argued that sunscreen should be reapplied 15 to 30 minutes after exposure begins because it is frequently applied nonuniformly and in insufficient amounts to achieve the rated SPF. 47 Previously, sunscreens with an SPF of 15 were considered acceptable; however, because consumers typically apply sunscreens thinly, 48 and because sunscreens with an SPF of 30 or higher are now widely available, their use is recommended. 49 It is important that sunscreen be considered only part of an overall sun protection strategy, because users are still susceptible to the deleterious effects of excessive sunlight exposure.…”

Section: Prevention and Early Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Keratinocyte Carcinoma

Albert

Weinstock

2003

CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians

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Keratinocyte carcinoma is by far the most common cancer in the United States.Basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas account for approximately 80% and 20% of cases of KC, respectively. The term nonmelanoma skin cancer is commonly used to refer to squamous cell carcinomas and basal cell carcinomas; however, other types of nonmelanoma skin cancer, such as adnexal tumors and sarcomas, are less common and differ in their cell type, behavior, and epidemiologic features from KC.1 Primary care clinicians are well positioned to diagnose KC and to educate patients about preventive measures such as sun protection and self-examination. Here we review epidemiologic data and strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and clinical management of KC. (CA Cancer J Clin 2003;53:292-302.)

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Section: Prevention and Early Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Keratinocyte Carcinoma

Albert

Weinstock

2003

CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians

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“…The SPF protection afforded may be reduced due to inadequate application (<2 mg/cm 2 ), water resistance, and abrasion from clothing and/or sand (12,13). Several studies have found that consumers apply much less than this recommendation (14 -16), providing a level of protection 20% to 50% less than that stated by the SPF (17).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Noninvasive Objective Measure of Sunscreen Use and Reapplication

Lunde

Urschitz

Glanz

2005

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Objectives: To study whether a noninvasive swabbing technique can detect sunscreen use for up to 6 hours, and whether the technique can detect reapplication of sunscreen. Methods: Thirty volunteer office workers were randomly assigned to have one of a variety of sunscreens applied using recommended application techniques, and half were randomly assigned to have sunscreen reapplied after 3 hours. Alcohol-based swabs were used to obtain a sample from participants' arm at 20 minutes, and hourly from 1 to 6 hours post-application. Absorption readings were analyzed using an UV-visible spectrophotometer. Results: The swabbing technique was consistently able to distinguish the sunscreen from control swabs for up to 6 hours. The absorption readings between 20 minutes and 6 hours were significantly higher than control swabs. There were no differences between the group that had sunscreen reapplied and the group that did not. Conclusion: The sunscreen swabbing technique is an effective noninvasive method for detecting a variety of sunscreen products in adults over a 6-hour period. No differences in absorption readings were found with sunscreen reapplication. This procedure will be a useful adjunct to other objective measures of sun protection and UV radiation exposure, resulting in a more accurate picture of the sun protection habits of individuals. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14(3):722 -6)

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“…Human exposure levels to nano-TiO 2 from personal care products, including sunscreens, toothpastes, and cosmetics, are unknown. However, nano-TiO 2 levels as high as 90 mg per mg of lotion have been found in certain sunblocks (Weir et al, 2012) that, if applied at the recommended density of 2 mg lotion per cm 2 exposed skin (Stokes & Diffey, 1997) could result in exposures of 24 mg/kg per application for a 60 kg individual applying the lotion to half of their body surface area.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Route-dependent systemic and local immune effects following exposure to solutions prepared from titanium dioxide nanoparticles

Auttachoat

McLoughlin

White

et al. 2013

Journal of Immunotoxicology

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Nanoparticle titanium dioxide (nano-TiO 2 ) is a white pigment widely used in foods, sunscreens, and other cosmetic products. However, it remains unclear whether exposure to nano-TiO 2 results in immunosuppressive effects or induces a contact hypersensitivity response. To address these data gaps, studies were conducted with the hypothesis that nano-TiO 2 exposure could alter immune responses. After 28 days of oral gavage, nano-TiO 2 (1.25-250 mg/kg in 0.5% methylcellulose) produced no significant effects on innate, humoral, or cell-mediated immune functions in female B6C3F1 mice. Furthermore, there were no effects on the weights of selected organs (spleen, thymus, liver, lung, and kidneys with adrenals). Following dermal exposure on the ears for 3 days, nano-TiO 2 (2.5-10% w/v in 4:1 acetone:olive oil) did not affect auricular lymph node cell proliferation, although an irritancy response was observed following treatment with 5% and 10% nano-TiO 2 . Dermal sensitization (2.5-10%) on the back and subsequent challenge (10%) on the right ear with nano-TiO 2 produced no significant effects on percentage ear swelling in the Mouse Ear Swelling Test (MEST). However, when nano-TiO 2 was injected subcutaneously along the mid-line on top of the head at 125-250 mg/kg (in 0.5% methylcellulose), significant increases in auricular lymph node cell proliferation resulted. These results demonstrate that immune effects of nano-TiO 2 exposure are route-of-exposure dependent, and they suggest that irritancy and/or potential hypersensitivity responses may occur following parenteral exposure or dermal administration of nano-TiO 2 to compromised skin.

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How well are sunscreen users protected?

Cited by 120 publications

References 8 publications

Keratinocyte Carcinoma

Keratinocyte Carcinoma

A Noninvasive Objective Measure of Sunscreen Use and Reapplication

Route-dependent systemic and local immune effects following exposure to solutions prepared from titanium dioxide nanoparticles

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