“…There is no doubt that speech planning can be primed. For instance, there is strong evidence from many laboratory studies demonstrating lexical repetition priming, with words being retrieved faster and/or more accurately when they have been recently heard or produced than when this is not the case (e.g., Bartolozzi, Jongman, & Meyer, 2021 ; Francis, Gurrola, & Martinez, 2022 ; Tsuboi, Francis, & Jameson, 2021 ). There is also laboratory evidence for syntactic priming, with speakers’ likelihood of using a given structure increasing after recent experience of that structure.…”