Pelvic organ prolapse is a vaginal protrusion of female pelvic organs. It has high prevalence worldwide and represents a great burden to the economy. The pathophysiology of pelvic organ prolapse is multifactorial and includes genetic predisposition, aberrant connective tissue, obesity, advancing age, vaginal delivery and other risk factors. Owing to the long course prior to patients becoming symptomatic and ethical questions surrounding human studies, animal models are necessary and useful. These models can mimic different human characteristics -histological, anatomical or hormonal, but none present all of the characteristics at the same time. Major animal models include knockout mice, rats, sheep, rabbits and nonhuman primates. In this article we discuss different animal models and their utility for investigating the natural progression of pelvic organ prolapse pathophysiology and novel treatment approaches.
Keywordsaberrant connective tissue; animal model; female; mesh repair; pelvic organ prolapse; POP; vaginal delivery Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) consists of descent of the anterior, posterior or apical vaginal compartments. While not life-threatening, POP often results in a significant reduction in quality of life, including shame, embarrassment and sexual dysfunction. POP is also a significant economic burden to millions of women and the healthcare system since it is one of the major indications for benign gynecological surgery, accounting for over 225,000 inpatient procedures and costing more than US$1 billion per year in the USA alone [1].The pathophysiology of POP is still not well understood, but is known to involve genetic predisposition, aberrant connective tissue (CT) metabolism, pregnancy and hormonal effects, vaginal delivery, and other risk factors such as previous hysterectomy, obesity, advancing age and constipation [1]. POP often develops decades after the greatest risk © 2012 Expert Reviews Ltd * Author for correspondence: Tel.: + 1 216 444 1103, Fax: + 1 216 444 9198, damasem@ccf.org.
Financial & competing interests disclosureThe authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed. No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.
NIH Public Access
Author ManuscriptExpert Rev Obstet Gynecol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2013 March 01.
NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript factor, vaginal delivery, suggesting an additional impact of aging. Given the long time course and the complex and multifaceted nature of this disorder, animal models are a potentially useful way to improve our understanding of POP.Animal models are particularly appropriate for studying the natural progression of pathologies and investigating novel treatment approaches. However, the development of applicable animal models for POP is challenging since humans, as t...