HPAIV outbreak triggers short-term colony connectivity in a seabird metapopulation

Jeglinski, Jana W. E.; Lane, Jude V.; Votier, Steven C.; Furness, Robert W.; Hamer, Keith C.; McCafferty, Dominic J.; Nager, Ruedi G.; Sheddan, Maggie; Wanless, Sarah; Matthiopoulos, Jason

doi:10.1038/s41598-024-53550-x

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…When the SA13 viruses from 2022 were compared to the SA13 viruses from 2023 using amino acid sequence distance matrices of the of H5 HA protein (576 aa; Table S4) and N1 NA (470 aa; Table S5), the mean number of mutations in the HA protein was 2.1 (1-5), but in the NA protein, it was 8.1 (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13). Percentagewise, the mean amino acid mutations in HA in SA13 increased by 0.36% between 2022 and 2023, and in NA, the value was 1.72%.…”

Section: Unique Markers or Unknown Phenotype That Emerged In The Coas...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More alarmingly, in 2023, clade 2.3.4.4b viruses began to increasingly infect mammals in Europe and the Americas, raising fears that a pandemic human strain may soon emerge [ 10 ]. Aside from the catastrophic effects of clade 2.3.4.4b H5Nx HPAI on global poultry production, unprecedented outbreaks in wild birds and marine mammals have had dire ecological and conservation impacts [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Outbreaks of H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza in South Africa in 2023 Were Caused by Two Distinct Sub-Genotypes of Clade 2.3.4.4b Viruses

Abolnik,

Roberts,

Strydom

et al. 2024

Viruses

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In 2023, South Africa continued to experience sporadic cases of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) in coastal seabirds and poultry. Active environmental surveillance determined that H5Nx, H7Nx, H9Nx, H11Nx, H6N2, and H12N2, amongst other unidentified subtypes, circulated in wild birds and ostriches in 2023, but that H5Nx was predominant. Genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of confirmed H5N1 HPAI cases determined that only two of the fifteen sub-genotypes that circulated in South Africa in 2021–2022 still persisted in 2023. Sub-genotype SA13 remained restricted to coastal seabirds, with accelerated mutations observed in the neuraminidase protein. SA15 caused the chicken outbreaks, but outbreaks in the Paardeberg and George areas, in the Western Cape province, and the Camperdown region of the KwaZulu-Natal province were unrelated to each other, implicating wild birds as the source. All SA15 viruses contained a truncation in the PB1-F2 gene, but in the Western Cape SA15 chicken viruses, PA-X was putatively expressed as a novel isoform with eight additional amino acids. South African clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses had comparatively fewer markers of virulence and pathogenicity compared to European strains, a possible reason why no spillover to mammals has occurred here yet.

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Section: Unique Markers or Unknown Phenotype That Emerged In The Coas...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outbreaks of H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza in South Africa in 2023 Were Caused by Two Distinct Sub-Genotypes of Clade 2.3.4.4b Viruses

Abolnik,

Roberts,

Strydom

et al. 2024

Viruses

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Coastal connectivity of marine predators over the Patagonian Shelf during the highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak

Riaz,

Orben,

Gamble

et al. 2024

Ecography

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Animal movement and population connectivity are key areas of uncertainty in efforts to understand and predict the spread of infectious disease. The emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in South America poses a significant threat to globally significant populations of colonial breeding marine predators in the South Atlantic. Yet, there is a poor understanding of which species or migratory pathways may facilitate disease spread. Compiling one of the largest available animal tracking datasets in the South Atlantic, we examine connectivity and inter‐population mixing for colonial breeding marine predators tagged at the Falkland Islands. We reveal extensive connectivity for three regionally dominant and gregarious species over the Patagonian Shelf. Black‐browed albatrosses (BBA), South American fur seals (SAFS) and Magellanic penguins (MAG) used coastal waters along the Atlantic coast of South America (Argentina and Uruguay). These behaviours were recorded at or in close proximity to breeding colonies and haul‐out areas with dense aggregations of marine predators. Transit times to and from the Falkland Islands to the continental coast ranged from 0.2–70 days, with 84% of animals making this transit within 4 days ‐ a conservative estimate for HPAI infectious period. Our findings demonstrate BBA, SAFS and MAG connectivity between the Falkland Islands and mainland South America over an expansive spatial network and numerous pathways, which has implications for infectious disease persistence, transmission and spread. This information is vital in supporting HPAI disease surveillance, risk assessment and marine management efforts across the region.

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Immature Northern Gannets (Morus bassanus) increase colony attendance following highly pathogenic avian influenza

Sceviour,

Ward,

Wilhelm

2024

Ibis

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The emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in wild bird populations in 2020 changed the landscape of this disease for seabird populations, including Northern Gannets Morus bassanus. In 2023, we photographed the three Northern Gannet colonies in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada (Funk Island, Baccalieu Island and Cape St Mary's), following an HPAI outbreak in 2022 and documented an overall 43% decline in apparently occupied sites (AOS) from the last population survey in 2018. During the photo analyses, we assigned immature birds present in the core breeding area to one of four age categories according to their plumage characteristics, and estimated that 9% (inter‐colony variance ranging from 7 to 14%) of all AOS in 2023 hosted at least one immature bird, an increase compared with rates of 2% or less before the outbreak. Further, 16% of all immature birds present in the core breeding area showed evidence of breeding and were probably 2‐ and 3‐year‐old birds. Our results support the social competition theory whereby a higher proportion of immature and/or younger immature birds occupying an AOS within the core breeding area is observed following significant reductions in numbers of established breeders, suggesting the presence of a pool of immature birds capable of recruiting into the Newfoundland Northern Gannet breeding population and help its recovery.

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HPAIV outbreak triggers short-term colony connectivity in a seabird metapopulation

Cited by 4 publications

References 41 publications

Outbreaks of H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza in South Africa in 2023 Were Caused by Two Distinct Sub-Genotypes of Clade 2.3.4.4b Viruses

Outbreaks of H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza in South Africa in 2023 Were Caused by Two Distinct Sub-Genotypes of Clade 2.3.4.4b Viruses

Coastal connectivity of marine predators over the Patagonian Shelf during the highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak

Immature Northern Gannets (Morus bassanus) increase colony attendance following highly pathogenic avian influenza

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