HPLC profiling of selected phenolic acids and flavonoids in Salvia eigii, Salvia hierosolymitana and Salvia viridis growing wild in Jordan and their in vitro antioxidant activity

Abstract

Background Salvia eigii., Salvia hierosolymitana and Salvia viridis are native to the Mediterranean region, and are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of many ailments. In the current investigation, the methanolic extracts obtained from the air dried aerial parts of S. eigii, S. hierosolymitana and S. viridis from Jordan were screened for their total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC) and their in vitro antioxidant activity. Additionally, the presence of four bioactive phenolic acids including gallic acid, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid B and other seven flavonoids including luteolin-7-O-glucoside, apigenin, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, rutin, nariginin, hesperidin and quercetin was determined using Liquid chromatography-Electron Spray Ionization-Tandom Mass Spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Methods Antioxidant activity of the obtained three extracts were examined via the DPPH•, ABTS• + radical scavenging methods in addition to Ferrous Ion Chelating (FIC) effect. TFC and TPC of the extracts were measured using the aluminum chloride colorimetric method and the Folin-Ciocalteau method, respectively. The presence and concentration of the selected 11 compounds was further determined through LC-ESI-MS/MS. Results The results indicated that three Salvia species had high total flavonoids content expressed in mg quercetin/g dry extract (S. heirosolymitana: 770.85 ± 5.26; S. eigii: 520.60 ± 6.24, S. viridis: 311.36 ± 4.41). S. heirosolymitana had the highest DPPH• activity (0.184 ± 1.22 × 10−2 mg/ml) and FIC effect (0.354 ± 0.018 mg/ml). S. heirosolymitana had slightly higher ABTS• + scavenging activity than S. eigii (0.176 ± 1.16 × 10−2 mg/ml; 0.183 ± 0.031 mg/ml, respectively). All 11 compounds were detected in the extracts of the three Salvia species. Luteolin-7-O-glucoside was detected in high concentration levels in the three species (1756.73, 21651.36, and 26125.14 mg/kg dry plant; S. eigii, S. hierosolyimitana and S. viridis, respectively), yet rosmarinic acid had the highest contribution to both S. hierosolymitana (27124.93 mg/kg) and S. eigii (15783.33 mg/kg). Notably, S. hierosolymitana and S. viridis contained salvianolic acid B (896.11; 890.9 mg/kg). Conclusions The three Salvia species exhibited good antioxidant activity, especially S. heirosolymitana due to its high TPC, TFC, and the presence of high concentration levels of romarinic acid and other phenolic acids and flavonoids. This is the first phytochemical and antioxidant evaluation of S. eigii, S. hierosolymitana and S. viridis from Jordan. Prior to this investigation, no phytochemical investigation on S. eigii was reported.

Efficacy of Sterculia diversifolia Leaf Extracts: Volatile Compounds, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity, and Green Synthesis of Potential Antibacterial Silver Nanoparticles

“…Using the technique outlined by [ 53 ], EPE and WPE was colorimetrically analyzed for their total flavonoid content. The flavonoid concentration was represented as mg quercetin equivalent/g of dry extract (mg QE/g).…”

“…Then, total phenol content was given as mg gallic acid equivalent/g of dry extract (mg GAE/g). Each measurement was carried out three times [ 53 ].…”

Phytochemical Investigation and Biological Screening of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Salvia hispanica L. Aerial Parts

“…Fragmentation of flavonoid-O-glycosides depends on lossing of sugar moeity (162 Da) that resulting in formation of product ion coressponds to aglycone. According to this rule, compounds 10,11,12, 13,14 and 15 were identified according to, [31][32][33][34][35][36]…”

A Sustainable Reversed-Phase HPTLC Method for the Quantitative Estimation of Hesperidin in Traditional and Ultrasound-Assisted Extracts of Different Varieties of Citrus Fruit Peels and Commercial Tablets

“…The main disadvantage of UV-spectrometry methods is their sensitivity [12,13]. The variety of "high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)" assays have been established for the quantitative estimation of HSP either alone or in combination with other bioflavonoids in commercial formulations, citus fruit peels, and citrus juices [14][15][16][17][18][19]. In most of the reported HPLC methods of HSP analysis, the mobile phase used was the binary combination of methanol and water (W).…”

“…In most of the reported HPLC methods of HSP analysis, the mobile phase used was the binary combination of methanol and water (W). Methanol is a toxic solvent and hence these methods are not safe and sustainable for HSP analysis [14][15][16][17][18][19]. "Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS)" assay has also been established for the determination of HSP in combination with other bioflavonoids in its plant-based materials [20].…”