HPLC-UV Standard Phenolic Constituents of African Bush Mango (Irvingia gabonensis) and Molecular Docking on Polyphenol Oxidases

Abstract

Introduction: Irvingia gabonensis belongs to the Irvingiaceae plant family and commonly known as the African bush mango, wild mango, Dika nut and Manguier sauvage. The fruits of I. gabonensis are edible and their use in traditional medicine has been reported for the treatment of diabetes, diarrhea, wound ulcer, hepatic disorder, microbial infections, and inflammatory pains. 
 Aim: This study aimed to identify the standard phenolic contents of I. gabonensis fruit pulp and peel extracts and investigate the bind energy on polyphenol oxidase in order to know why browning of I. gabonensis fruit is often rapidly occur and how to prevent it with suitable inhibitor in an industrial processing.
 Results: The phenolics that were identified include ellagic acid, cinnamic acid, gallic acid, 3-friedelanone, lupeol, kaempferol, quercetin, alpha-curcumene and zingiberene. The two PPO from Solanum lycopersicum (PDB ID: 6HQI) and Mangifera indica (PDB: D2XZ13_model) have different binding energies across the ligands with highest score by 3-friedelanone (-14.3 and -16.1 kcal/mol respectively), followed by lupeol (-13.9 and -14.6 kcal/mol respectively). The differences in the binding energies across the plant PPOs could be due to variation in the amino acid composition and more importantly the amino acid residues that participate in the catalytic and allosteric activities
 Conclusion: This study has shown the reason behind rapid browning that usually occur in I. gabonensis and more importantly, the need for effective edible inhibitors of PPO.

Dietary inclusion of African bush mango (Irvingia gabonensis) seed improves sexual performance in sexually inexperienced rats

“…Reduced mounting and intromission latencies in rats fed an ABM-supplemented diet may have aided in the initiation of sexual behavior, whereas increased intromission and mounting numbers in male rats may have improved copulatory efficiency, as shown in previous studies in which decreased mounting and intromission latencies were reported to be indicators of sex behavior [29]. Dietary supplementation with ABM appears to stimulate male sexual activity by increasing mounting and intromission counts and lowering mounting and intromission latencies, and it may be attributed to the presence of bioactive phenolic substances and its high arginine level previously reported [30,31].…”

Biochemical changes associated with the administration of aqueous pulp extract of Irvingia gabonensis fruit on adult male Wistar rats

“…Irvingia gabonensis belong to the species of African tree in the genus Irvingia of the Irvingiaceae plant family commonly known as wild mango, African mango, bush mango, or ugiri (Igbo) [4,5]. It has yellow fruits when ripe, and varies in size and shapes between varieties with fibrous pulp covering the seed [6].…”

Purification and biochemical characterization of polyphenol oxidase from seeds of melon (Citrullus colocynthis)

“…In the course of dehulling and crushing or making into powder, the color changes from whitish to greyish, making it appears dull, and eventually turns brown, thereby loses its acceptability for market value. Fruits, vegetables and seeds are susceptible to enzymatic browning, which is typically catalyzed by polyphenol oxidase (PPO) (Liu et al 2007;Guven et al 2017;Adeseko et al 2019). PPOs catalyse mono-and o-diphenol conversion to o-quinones during ripening, postharvest handling, storage and processing of fruits and seeds (Spagna et al 2005;Sélles-Marchart et al 2006).…”