HPV and Cervical Cancer: A Review of Epidemiology and Screening Uptake in the UK

Choi, Sunyoung; Ismail, Ayden; Pappas-Gogos, George; Boussios, Stergios

doi:10.3390/pathogens12020298

Cited by 70 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 113 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Infection with high-risk HPV strains is cleared by the host immune response in most cases. In a small percentage of women, however, the infection persists, and in some cases, women develop high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia [ 14 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Species from Vaginal Microbiota Differently Affect the Production of the E6 and E7 Oncoproteins and of p53 and p-Rb Oncosuppressors in HPV16-Infected Cells

Nicolò

Antonelli

Tanturli

et al. 2023

IJMS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Vaginal dysbiosis is characterized by a decrease in the relative abundance of Lactobacillus species in favor of other species. This condition facilitates infections by sexually transmitted pathogens including high risk (HR)-human papilloma viruses (HPVs) involved in the development of cervical cancer. Some vaginal dysbiosis bacteria contribute to the neoplastic progression by inducing chronic inflammation and directly activating molecular pathways involved in carcinogenesis. In this study, SiHa cells, an HPV-16-transformed epithelial cell line, were exposed to different representative vaginal microbial communities. The expression of the HPV oncogenes E6 and E7 and the production of relative oncoproteins was evaluated. The results showed that Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus gasseri modulated the basal expression of the E6 and E7 genes of SiHa cells and the production of the E6 and E7 oncoproteins. Vaginal dysbiosis bacteria had contrasting effects on E6/E7 gene expression and protein production. The expression of the E6 and E7 genes and the production of the relative oncoproteins was increased by strains of Gardnerella vaginalis and, to a lesser extent, by Megasphaera micronuciformis. In contrast, Prevotella bivia decreased the expression of oncogenes and the production of the E7 protein. A decreased amount of p53 and pRb was found in the cultures of SiHa cells with M. micronuciformis, and accordingly, in the same cultures, a higher percentage of cells progressed to the S-phase of the cell cycle compared to the untreated or Lactobacillus-stimulated cultures. These data confirm that L. crispatus represents the most protective component of the vaginal microbiota against neoplastic progression of HR-HPV infected cells, while M. micronuciformis and, to a lesser extent, G. vaginalis may directly interfere in the oncogenic process, inducing or maintaining the production of viral oncoproteins.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Species from Vaginal Microbiota Differently Affect the Production of the E6 and E7 Oncoproteins and of p53 and p-Rb Oncosuppressors in HPV16-Infected Cells

Nicolò

Antonelli

Tanturli

et al. 2023

IJMS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Understanding the molecular biology of HPV infection and UCC development has been crucial in developing prevention and screening strategies, such as HPV vaccines and HPV-based UCC screening tests, to reduce the incidence and mortality of UCC worldwide ( Table 1 ). HPV vaccines, such as Gardasil ( Choi et al, 2023 ) and Cervarix ( Roy et al, 2023 ), protect against the most common high-risk HPV types (particularly HPV 16 and 18). By preventing infection with these types, the vaccines can effectively reduce the likelihood of developing precancerous cervical lesions and, ultimately, UCC.…”

Section: Human Papillomavirus (Hpv) Infection and Etiology Of Uccmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implications of viral infections and oncogenesis in uterine cervical carcinoma etiology and pathogenesis

2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundUterine Cervical Carcinoma (UCC) is the most prevalent gynecological malignancy globally, with a rising incidence in recent years. Accumulating evidence indicates that specific viral infections, including human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV), and human herpesvirus (HHV), may contribute to UCC development and progression. Understanding the complex interplay between viral infections and UCC risk is crucial for developing novel preventative and therapeutic interventions.MethodsThis comprehensive review investigates the association between viral infections and UCC risk by examining the roles of various viral pathogens in UCC etiology and pathogenesis, and possible molecular mechanisms. Additionally, we evaluate current diagnostic methods and potential therapeutic strategies targeting viral infections for UCC prevention or treatment.ResultsThe prevention of UCC has been significantly advanced by the emergence of self-sampling for HPV testing as a crucial tool, allowing for early detection and intervention. However, an essential challenge in UCC prevention lies in understanding how HPV and other viral coinfections, including EBV, HBV, HCV, HHV, HIV, or their concurrent presence, may potentially contribute to UCC development. The molecular mechanisms implicated in the association between viral infections and cervical cancer development include: (1) interference of viral oncogenes with cellular regulatory proteins, resulting in uncontrolled cell proliferation and malignant transformation; (2) inactivation of tumor suppressor genes by viral proteins; (3) evasion of host immune responses by viruses; (4) induction of a persistent inflammatory response, contributing to a tumor-promoting microenvironment; (5) epigenetic modifications that lead to aberrant gene expression; (6) stimulation of angiogenesis by viruses; and (7) activation of telomerase by viral proteins, leading to cellular immortalization. Additionally, viral coinfections can also enhance oncogenic potential through synergistic interactions between viral oncoproteins, employ immune evasion strategies, contribute to chronic inflammation, modulate host cellular signaling pathways, and induce epigenetic alterations, ultimately leading to cervical carcinogenesis.ConclusionRecognizing the implications of viral oncogenes in UCC etiology and pathogenesis is vital for addressing the escalating burden of UCC. Developing innovative preventative and therapeutic interventions requires a thorough understanding of the intricate relationship between viral infections and UCC risk.

show abstract

“…One of the best examples is NHS England, which first targeted to diminish the disease burden via a national cervical cancer screening program in 1988, leading to a prominent reduction in more than a third of cases in England. This program is now available for 25 and over year older women, as cervical cancer is rare at younger ages 8 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This program is now available for 25 and over year older women, as cervical cancer is rare at younger ages. 8 World Health Organization reports that most cervical cancer cases, precisely 85%, are found in developing nations. Significant disparities in this ailment's occurrence and fatality rates exist between developed and developing countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of cervical cancer in Iran in 2016: A nationwide study of incidence and regional variation

Anjam Majoumerd,

Hosseini,

Hosseini

et al. 2024

Cancer Reports

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundCervical cancer is a common, and fatal cancer in women worldwide. This cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women after breast, colorectal, and lung cancer.AimsThis study aims to investigate the age‐standardized incidence rate (ASR) and the geographical distribution of Cervical Cancer in Iran.MethodsThis study was designed as a descriptive cross‐sectional investigation. The study sample comprised all individuals registered as cervical cancer patients in the National Cancer Registry system in 2016. The crude rate and ASR for each province were computed independently. Furthermore, we employed ArcMap10.5 software and geographic information system to conduct an analysis of the gathered data. In order to ascertain the spatial distribution and clustering of cervical cancer incidence, we utilized Moran's I, which measures spatial autocorrelation.ResultsWe studied a total of 808 cases of cervical cancer with a median age to be 52.19 years (IQR≈1.35). Among these cases, 685 (84.7%) were diagnosed based on the pathological reports with morphological verification, while 81 patients (10.1%) were clinically identified, and 42 cases (5.2%) were diagnosed using the death certificate‐only method. Squamous cell carcinoma accounted for 61% of all cases (n = 497). The ASR of cervical cancer in Iran was 1.90 per 100 000 populations. The provincial ASR ranged from 0.29 to 5.03 per 100 000, with the highest rates observed in Golestan (5.03), East Azerbaijan (4.07), and Ilam (3.72). We found no clustering patterns in the distribution of provincial crude, age‐specific, and age‐standardized incidence rates (p > .05).ConclusionThe incidence of cervical cancer in Iran was lower than the global average, and we did not identify any significant disparities in the incidence rates among the provinces. Although there were differences in incidence rates among the areas, these were not clustered. It is crucial to remember that cervical cancer is still a major public health issue in Iran, and in order to lessen the disease's burden, national initiatives to enhance screening, early identification, and access to efficient treatment should continue to be top priorities.

show abstract

HPV and Cervical Cancer: A Review of Epidemiology and Screening Uptake in the UK

Cited by 70 publications

References 113 publications

Bacterial Species from Vaginal Microbiota Differently Affect the Production of the E6 and E7 Oncoproteins and of p53 and p-Rb Oncosuppressors in HPV16-Infected Cells

Bacterial Species from Vaginal Microbiota Differently Affect the Production of the E6 and E7 Oncoproteins and of p53 and p-Rb Oncosuppressors in HPV16-Infected Cells

Implications of viral infections and oncogenesis in uterine cervical carcinoma etiology and pathogenesis

Epidemiology of cervical cancer in Iran in 2016: A nationwide study of incidence and regional variation

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About