HPV epigenetic mechanisms related to Oropharyngeal and Cervix cancers

Abstract

Human Papilloma Virus infection is very frequent in humans and is mainly transmitted sexually. The majority of infections are transient and asymptomatic, however, if the infection persists, it can occur with a variety of injuries to skin and mucous membranes, depending on the type of HPV involved. Some types of HPV are classified as high oncogenic risk as associated with the onset of cancer. The tumors most commonly associated with HPV are cervical and oropharyngeal cancer, epigenetic mechanisms related to HPV infection include methylation changes to host and viral DNA and chromatin modification in host species. This review is focused about epigenethic mechanism, such as MiRNAs expression, related to cervix and oral cancer. Specifically it discuss about molecular markers associated to a more aggressive phenotype. In this way we will analyze genes involved in meiotic sinaptonemal complex, transcriptional factors, of orthokeratins, sinaptogirin, they are all expressed in cancer in a way not more dependent on cell differentiation but HPV-dependent.

Research Progress on Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Inflammation in Cervical Cancer

“…Studies have shown that high-risk HPV infection, such as HPV16/18, was prone to the integration of the HPV gene into the genome, interfering with the immune response of the body and the accumulation of microlesions, which finally developed into CC [3]. Recent studies have shown that smouldering inflammatory response and oxidative stress caused by persistent HPV infection play an important role in the process leading to cervical cancer, and HPV-induced epigenetic changes also play an important role [4,5]. HPV virus infection can lead to inflammation in the human body, and the occurrence of cervical cancer is also considered to be a process of smouldering inflammation [6].…”

Genome-Wide Tiling Array Analysis of HPV-Induced Warts Reveals Aberrant Methylation of Protein-Coding and Non-Coding Regions

“…In immunocompetent individuals, HPV-induced warts are self-limiting, as the virus is usually cleared from the body in a period of one to two years [12]. Over the course of the HPV life cycle, the viral genome undergoes dynamic changes in methylation patterns, an observation that has been tentatively attributed to the host's innate immune response [13]. In fact, HPV methylation is the initial trigger for the transformation of squamous epithelial cells, the latter of which undergo HPV-induced epigenetic re-programming [14].…”

“…Maintaining tissue-specific methylation patterns is of great importance to the normal function of many biological processes, as aberrant methylation has been implicated in the tumorigenesis of several types of cancer [24][25][26]. Moreover, aberrant methylation patterns have been implicated in the carcinogenesis of cervical cancer and precancer specimens caused by high-risk HPV infection [13,27,28]. HPV-induced methylation of the host genome has been previously reported for high-risk HPV infection, but, to the best of the author's knowledge, there is a dearth of information on host methylation in cutaneous warts.…”

Relationship between human papilloma virus and benign and malign lesions of oral cavity and oropharynx, current approach

“…Enfeksiyonlar geçici ve asemptomatiktir, ancak enfeksiyon devam ederse, Human Pailloma Virüse (HPV) bağlı olarak deri ve mukozal membranlarda zedelenmeler ortaya çıkabilir (1) .…”

“…Enfeksiyonlar geçici ve asemptomatiktir, ancak enfeksiyon devam ederse, Human Pailloma Virüse (HPV) bağlı olarak deri ve mukozal membranlarda zedelenmeler ortaya çıkabilir (1) .HPV enfeksiyonu sırasında, hücreler tarafından bağışıklık sistemine lokal ya da sistemik viral antijen sunumu minimaldir, enfeksiyon, klinik olarak tanın-madan aylarca ya da yıllarca devam eder. İmmün yanıtların HPV enfeksiyonlarında önemli bir rol oynadığı bilinmektedir; Cilt siğilleri genellikle kendiliğinden gerilemektedir ve HPV ile indüklenen deri veya mukozal enfeksiyon insidansı, bağışıklığı yetersiz kişilerde daha yüksektir (2) .…”