HPV genotypes detected by linear array and next-generation sequencing in anal samples from HIV positive men who have sex with men in Mexico

Abstract

The incidence of anal cancer has been rising, especially in HIV+ patients and has been associated with HPV infection. HIV+ patients are more at risk of HPV coinfection and are seven times more likely to have persistent HPV infection; moreover, HIV+ men have an increased risk of developing anal cancer compared to HIV+ women. The development of screening strategies for the detection of HPV in HIV+ men is of major importance; however, there is not enough information about the HPV genotypes and variants that are colonizing the anal epithelia of HIV+ men in diverse geographical regions. Therefore, this work was aimed at identifying HPV genotypes present in the anal epithelium of HIV+ men who have sex with men (MSM), with or without anal lesions (n = 75). For HPV genotyping, two approaches were performed: Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test and next-generation sequencing (NGS). In general, the six most frequent HPV genotypes found by Linear Array were HPV6, 62, 61, 81, 16 and 51. On the other hand, employing NGS, a total of 36 HPV genotypes belonging to both alpha and beta genera were found. The genotypes with the greatest number of reads, according to the diagnostic group, were: HPV81, 45, 6, 51 and 61 in MSM without anal lesions (WAIN); HPV6, 61, 70, 62 and 66 in MSM with atypical lesions (AAL); HPV6, 11, 66, 81 and 61 in MSM with anal intraepithelial neoplasia grade I (AIN I); and HPV16, 81, 58, 61 and 52 with AIN III. Additionally, a great diversity of L1 variants was observed, especially in genotypes HPV16, 58, 61, 52, 45 and 59.

A rigorous exploration of anal HPV genotypes using a next‐generation sequencing (NGS) approach in HIV‐infected men who have sex with men at risk for developing anal cancer

“…Other HPV types with higher prevalence in general were HPV 18 followed by HPV 52, 35, 39 and 45. In contrast, a study that detected HPVs using 454 NGS and reported results based on the total number of HPV reads in anal specimens of HIV+ MSM in Mexico, documented that HPV 45 was the most prevalent followed by HPV 51, 58, 16, 52 and 59 . That study and ours identified most of the known LR‐HPVs and the following HPV genotypes that are not classified as HR or LR; HPV 44, 32, 74, 85, 86, 102 and 97.…”

Human Papillomavirus Genotypes Infecting the Anal Canal and Cervix in HIV+ Men and Women, Anal Cytology, and Risk Factors for Anal Infection

“…Interestingly, in our study, the most frequent HR-HPV genotype in all men was HPV33 (33.3%), contrary to the abovementioned studies reporting low frequencies for this genotype (5–7%) [ 15 , 17 , 18 ]. In another study from Mexico using linear array, the most frequent genotypes were HPV62 and HPV81 [ 23 ]. In our study, these genotypes were not intentionally sought out, because they were not included in the employed method [ 7 ].…”

mRNA Detection in Anal Cytology: A Feasible Approach for Anal Cancer Screening in Men Who Have Sex with Men Living With HIV

“…As in previous studies, in the present series HPV16 was positive in about 60% of the HSIL/AIN2-3 lesions and HPV18 was found in 7.5% of the HSIL/AIN2-3 samples. [36,37]. It has been shown that the percentage of HPV16 and 18 genotypes increases with the severity of the diseases, and it is particularly high in invasive cancers [38].…”