Hsp70 and gama-Semino protein as possible prognostic marker of prostate cancer

Abstract

In the United States, Prostate Cancer (PCa) is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in men. PCa resulted in abnormal growth and function of prostate gland such as secretion of high level of gamma-seminoprotein (gama-SM)/Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) which could be detected in the blood. Beside gama-SM protein, the levels of heat shock proteins (Hsp70) were also observed significantly high. Therefore, gama-SM and Hsp70 are unique proteins with high potential for PCa therapeutics and diagnostics. High level of Hsp70 suppresses apoptosis, thus allowing PCa cells to exist; however, depletion of Hsp70 induces apoptosis in PCa cells. Gama-SM is the most prominent biomarker for PCa screening; however, its accuracy is still questionable. Thus, a more suitable streamline biomarker for PCa screening is urgently needed. Hsp70 and gama-SM proteins could be used as a revolutionary biomarker for PCa, and could help to identify possible therapeutic target(s). In this review article we will discuss the relationship between the Hsp70 and gama-SM proteins with PCa, their potential as a dual biomarker, and the possibility for both proteins being used as therapeutic targets.

Biomarkers in Adult-Type Diffuse Gliomas: Elevated Levels of Circulating Vesicular Heat Shock Protein 70 Serve as a Biomarker in Grade 4 Glioblastoma and Increase NK Cell Frequencies in Grade 3 Glioma

“…The surrounding normal brain tissue in grade 4 GBM showed a very low Hsp70 staining intensity. In line with previous data [18], grade 3 gliomas show predominantly a nuclear staining pattern, whereas grade 4 GBM shows a positive staining in both the nucleus and cytosol.…”

“…Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections (3 µm) of grade 3 and grade 4 brain tumors were stained with the cmHsp70.1 mAb, as described previously [18]. Briefly, after dewaxing and rehydrating in xylol (Karl Roth GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) and descending concentrations of ethanol (96% v/v Otto Fischar GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany), sections were heated at 60 • C for 30 min for antigen retrieval.…”

“…It is known that Hsp70 is overexpressed in the cytosol of a large variety of highly aggressive tumor entities, for example, non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) [13,14], colorectal carcinoma [15,16], and prostate carcinoma [17,18], as well as GBM [19][20][21]. Physiologically, Hsp70 is expressed in nearly all subcellular compartments where it controls protein homeostasis by regulating the maturation and degradation of proteins during cell growth and differentiation, preventing protein aggregation, and transporting other proteins across membranes [22,23].…”

Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 Promotes Gastric Cancer Metastasis and Suppresses Apoptosis by Facilitating MAPK Signaling Pathway Through HSP70 Up-Regulation

“…HSP70, a member of the evolutionarily highly conserved heat shock protein family, plays an important role in enhancing cell resistance to various stimuli and alleviating cell damage via its molecular chaperone function in protein folding, unfolding, and disaggregation (26). Lines of studies have revealed that the basal level of HSP70 was high in several types of malignancies (27)(28)(29)(30)(31) and that it has been categorized as a bad prognosis factor (27,28). HSP70 has also been demonstrated to cooperate in chemotherapy and radiotherapy resistance probably due to its capacity to disable cell death (32)(33)(34).…”

Drosophila DAxud1 Has a Repressive Transcription Activity on Hsp70 and Other Heat Shock Genes

“…This may not only be due to decreased pro-apoptotic activity resulting from lower Axud1 levels in mammals, but also to increased hsp70 expression at levels that foster cell survival. Likewise, this relation (lower Axud1 expression and higher Hsp70 levels) has been independently documented in multiple studies, being related to progression and poor prognosis for prostate cancer [ 49 , 50 ], lung squamous cell carcinoma [ 19 , 51 ], and hepatocellular carcinoma [ 14 , 52 ]. In any case, this relationship between low levels of Axud1 and high levels of Hsp70 in the progression and aggressiveness of cancers must be confirmed in studies conducted for this purpose.…”