HSV-1 genital infection rare in men over the age of 35 years

Sundaram, Sangeetha; Alderson, S.G.; Patel, Raj

doi:10.1258/ijsa.2008.008386

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…HSV2 typically infects the genitalia and is transmitted through sexual contact. However, in recent decades, an increasing proportion of genital HSV infections have been caused by HSV1 [7–9]. Two main developments have been suggested to be responsible for this trend: an increased proportion of adolescents and young adults who are HSV1 negative and therefore more susceptible to the acquisition of HSV1 through the sexual route, and an increased frequency of oral sex [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decreasing seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in Germany leaves many people susceptible to genital infection: time to raise awareness and enhance control

et al. 2017

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BackgroundHerpes simplex infections (HSV1/2) are characterized by recurrent symptoms, a risk of neonatal herpes, and the facilitation of HIV transmission. In Germany, HSV1/2 infections are not notifiable and data are scarce. A previous study found higher HSV1/2 seroprevalences in women in East Germany than in women in West Germany. We assessed changes in the HSV1/2 seroprevalences over time and investigated determinants associated with HSV1/2 seropositivity to guide prevention and control.MethodsThe study was based on the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS; 2008–2011) and the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey (GNHIES; 1997–1999). We tested serum samples from DEGS participants for HSV1 and HSV2 immunoglobulin G. We used Pearson’s χ2 test to compare the HSV1/HSV2 seroprevalences in terms of sex, age, and region of residence (East/West Germany) and investigated potential determinants by calculating prevalence ratios (PR) with log-binomial regression. All statistical analyses included survey weights.ResultsIn total, 6627 DEGS participants were tested for HSV1, and 5013 were also tested for HSV2. Overall, HSV1 seroprevalence decreased significantly from 1997–1999 (82.1%; 95%CI 80.6–83.6) to 2008–2011 (78.4%; 95%CI 77.8–79.7). In the same period, overall HSV2 seroprevalence decreased significantly from 13.3% (95%CI 11.9–14.9) to 9.6% (95%CI 8.6–10.8), notably in 18–24-year-old men (10.4 to 0%) in East Germany. Women were more likely than men to be seropositive for HSV1 (PR 1.1) or HSV2 (PR 1.6). A lower level of education, smoking, and not speaking German were associated with HSV1 in both sexes. Women of older age, who smoked, or had a history of abortion and men of older age or who had not attended a nursery school during childhood were more often seropositive for HSV2.ConclusionThe reduced seroprevalences of HSV1 and HSV2 leave more people susceptible to genital HSV1/2 infections. Practitioners should be aware of HSV infection as a differential diagnosis for genital ulcers. We recommend educational interventions to raise awareness of the sexual transmission route of HSV1/2, possible consequences, and prevention. Interventions should especially target pregnant women, their partners, and people at risk of HIV.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decreasing seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in Germany leaves many people susceptible to genital infection: time to raise awareness and enhance control

et al. 2017

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“…Sirs: As reported recently by Sundaram et al 1 herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 has replaced HSV-2 as the principal cause of genital herpes in young adults in many developed countries. However, little is known about the trend in developing Asian countries, partly due to a lack of diagnostic virology facilities.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The odds of genital HSV-1 are reduced by 5.0% with each additional year of age, confirming that genital HSV-1 is more common in younger adults. 1,3 The shift towards genital HSV-1 may be due to reduced childhood acquisition of HSV-1 leading to more susceptible young adults, and changes in sexual behaviour such as an increase in oral sex, which is perceived to be less risky. 2,4…”

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confidence: 99%

Changing trends of genital herpes in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1982–2008

Chan

Sam

2010

Int J STD AIDS

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some evidence that financial incentives have no impact on chlamydia screening.The main limitation to the study is that in spite of most respondents saying they would be willing to return postal samples for chlamydia testing, it is likely that actual response rates would be much less in practice. This is reflected in the results of studies by Macleod et al. 3 and Bloomfield et al. 4 who found that uptake of postal chlamydia screening was only around 20-30%. In addition, coverage was lower in areas that were more deprived, and had higher proportions of residents from ethic minority groups. 3 The other weaknesses of the study are the small size and that findings may not be generalizable to non-GU medicine populations. Respondents were also given a specified list of possible 'encouragers' and 'barriers' to testing that they ticked; although they were able to suggest other answers, this could have been a possible source of bias. However, a website where anyone could order postal chlamydia test kits and check their results online has been shown to be effective in expanding testing among young people. 5 Morris and colleagues demonstrated that chlamydia screening in non-clinical settings may be a cost-effective way of identifying infection in those who do not regularly access health care. Our results from an ethnically diverse inner city population suggest that a public health campaign involving postal chlamydia testing could also contribute to the control of chlamydia infection in some ethnically diverse, possibly hard-to-reach populations.i Note that the changing denominator reflects either:(1) The number of respondents who answered the question; or (2) The proportion of respondents who selected a given option for questions where they were asked to select the options that applied to them.

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Genital and Perinatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections

Stanberry¹

2013

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

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HSV-1 genital infection rare in men over the age of 35 years

Cited by 5 publications

References 6 publications

Decreasing seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in Germany leaves many people susceptible to genital infection: time to raise awareness and enhance control

Decreasing seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in Germany leaves many people susceptible to genital infection: time to raise awareness and enhance control

Changing trends of genital herpes in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1982–2008

Genital and Perinatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections

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