HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 Infection Among Warao Indigenous Refugees in the Brazilian Amazon: Challenges for Public Health in Times of Increasing Migration

Abreu, Isabella Nogueira; Lopes, Felipe Teixeira; Lima, Carlos Neandro Cordeiro; Barbosa, Alexandre do Nascimento; Oliveira, Lehi Rodrigues de; Fujishima, Mayumi Aragão; Freitas, Felipe Bonfim; Santos, Mike Barbosa dos; Lima, Vitor Nina de; Cayres-Vallinoto, Izaura Maria Vieira; Castelo-Branco, Socorro; Silva, Hilton P. da; Vallinoto, Antônio Carlos Rosário

doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.833169

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 44 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The samples in this study can be identified by traces in red (PWUDs) and blue (their relatives). Oliveira-Filho et al, 2019a;de Souza et al, 2020;Ishak et al, 2020b), other Brazilian regions (Renner et al, 2006;Novoa et al, 2007;de Almeida Rego et al, 2010;de Oliveira et al, 2012;Magri et al, 2012;Pessôa et al, 2014;Bandeira et al, 2015Bandeira et al, , 2022Castro et al, 2018;Ribeiro et al, 2018), and in South American countries (Leon-Ponte et al, 1996;Miura et al, 1997;Talarmin et al, 1999;Berini et al, 2013;Abreu et al, 2022). However, the same viral subtype detected in 15 PWUDs was detected in their family members.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…HTLV-1a, HTLV-2b, and HTLV-2c have shown high frequencies in studies conducted in key populations in Brazil, such as prisoners, female sex workers (FSW), people who use illicit drugs (PWUDs), and men who have sex with men (MSM) (Castro et al, 2018;Oliveira-Filho et al, 2019a;de Souza et al, 2020;Bandeira et al, 2022). Recently, two epidemiological studies conducted with PWUDs, and indigenous refugees recorded the movement of people infected with HTLV-1 (1aB) and between Brazilian states and countries located in the Amazon region and evidenced the spread of these retroviruses in South America (Oliveira-Filho et al, 2019a;Abreu et al, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Spread of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1 and 2 Among Relatives of People Who Use Illicit Drugs in Northern Brazil

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) and 2 (HTLV-2) can be transmitted between humans by mechanisms associated with horizontal and vertical routes. Recently, high prevalence rates and levels of genetic diversity for HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 were detected among people who use illicit drugs (PWUDs) in the Brazilian state of Pará. None of the PWUDs with HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 were aware of their carrier condition of the retrovirus, and they ability to spread it to their family group, sexual partners, and other contacts. Thus, this study evaluated the presence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 in families of PWUDs in the state of Pará, in Northern Brazil. This descriptive study used convenience sampling and accessed 37 PWUDs and their respective families (n = 97) in 18 municipalities in the state of Pará, northern Brazil. All participants provided personal data and were tested for the presence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blotting. HTLV positive samples were selected for Nested-PCR, and viral genotyping by nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 infections were detected in 15 families of PWUDs: 27 family members of PWUDs were infected with HTLV-1 (27.8%) and another 20 of them with HTLV-2 (20.6%). Subtypes 1a [subgroup A (54.5%)], 2b (20.5%), and 2c (25.0%) were detected. High horizontal (76.9%) and vertical (61.4%) transmission rates of HTLV were ascertained. Factors that facilitate the acquisition and transmission of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 were reported by the participants, such as long-term relationships, unprotected sex, breastfeeding, and lack of knowledge about the condition of being a carrier of the retrovirus. Evidence indicates intrafamilial transmission of HTLV from PWUDs to members of their respective families. Key interventions should urgently be employed for the control and prevention of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 to reduce the spread of this retrovirus in PWUDs and the general population in Northern Brazil and elsewhere.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spread of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1 and 2 Among Relatives of People Who Use Illicit Drugs in Northern Brazil

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…More recently, social, political, and economic crises have motivated intense migratory movements and refugee requests in Latin American countries, with an increasing number of Indigenous individuals living in public or self-managed shelters or even on the street in extreme poverty. These conditions represent an extra challenge to address, not only visual, but the general health care needs of such groups [68][69][70].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indigenous Eye Health in the Americas: The Burden of Vision Impairment and Ocular Diseases

Furtado

Silva²,

Pino

et al. 2023

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Review of the burden of vision impairment and blindness and ocular disease occurrence in Indigenous Peoples of the Americas. We systematically reviewed findings of the frequency of vision impairment and blindness and/or frequency of ocular findings in Indigenous groups. The database search yielded 2829 citations, of which 2747 were excluded. We screened the full texts of 82 records for relevance and excluded 16. The remaining 66 articles were examined thoroughly, and 25 presented sufficient data to be included. Another 7 articles derived from references were included, summing a total of 32 studies selected. When considering adults over 40 years old, the highest frequencies of vision impairment and blindness in Indigenous Peoples varied from 11.1% in high-income North America to 28.5% in tropical Latin America, whose rates are considerably higher than those in the general population. Most of the ocular diseases reported were preventable and/or treatable, so blindness prevention programs should focus on accessibility to eye examinations, cataract surgeries, control of infectious diseases, and spectacles distribution. Finally, we recommend actions in six areas of attention towards improving the eye health in Indigenous Peoples: access and integration of eye services with primary care; telemedicine; customized propaedeutics; education on eye health; and quality of data.

show abstract

“…Despite sharing considerable structural homology and transmission routes with HTLV-1, human T-lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) has a distinct geographic spread, with endemic regions in indigenous populations in the Americas and cohorts of intravenous drug users in the United States and Europe ( Khabbaz et al, 1992 ; Hall et al, 1996 ; Paiva and Casseb, 2015 ; Martinez et al, 2019 ; Ishak et al, 2020 ; Abreu et al, 2022 ). HTLV-2 has not been causally linked to hematologic disease, although cases of neurological pathologies have been proposed ( Hjelle et al, 1992 ; Jacobson et al, 1993 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of infection with human T-lymphotropic virus in a non-endemic area: a single institution study

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

IntroductionUnderstanding of human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) remains largely based on epidemiologic and clinical data from endemic areas. Globalization has resulted in migration of persons living with HTLV (PLHTLV) from endemic to non-endemic areas, and a rise of HTLV infection in the United States. Yet, due to the historical rarity of this disease, affected patients are often under- and mis-diagnosed. Thus, we sought to characterize the epidemiology, clinical features, comorbidities, and survival of HTLV-1- or HTLV-2-positive individuals identified in a non-endemic area.MethodsOur study was a single institution, retrospective case–control analysis of HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 patients between 1998 and 2020. We utilized two HTLV-negative controls, matched for age, sex, and ethnicity, for each HTLV-positive case. We evaluated associations between HTLV infection and several hematologic, neurologic, infectious, and rheumatologic covariates. Finally, clinical factors predictive of overall survival (OS) were assessed.ResultsWe identified 38 cases of HTLV infection, of whom 23 were HTLV-1 and 15 were HTLV-2 positive. The majority (~54%) of patients in our control group received HTLV testing for transplant evaluation, compared to ~24% of HTLV-seropositive patients. Co-morbidities associated with HTLV, hepatitis C seropositivity were higher in HTLV-seropositive patients compared to controls (OR 10.7, 95% CI = 3.2–59.0, p < 0.001). Hepatitis C and HTLV co-infection resulted in decreased OS, compared to no infection, hepatitis C infection alone, or HTLV infection alone. Patients with any cancer diagnosis and HTLV infection had worse OS compared to patients with cancer or HTLV alone. HTLV-1 positive patients had lower median OS compared to HTLV-2 patients (47.7 months vs. 77.4 months). In univariate analysis, the hazard for 1-year all-cause mortality was increased among patients with HTLV-seropositivity, adult T-cell leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, and hepatitis C infection. When corrected, multivariate analysis showed that HTLV seropositivity was no longer associated with 1 year all-cause mortality; however association with AML and hepatitis C infection remained significant.ConclusionHTLV-seropositivity was not associated with increased 1 year mortality in multivariate analysis. However, our study is limited by our small patient sample size, as well as the biased patient control population due to selection factors for HTLV testing.

show abstract

HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 Infection Among Warao Indigenous Refugees in the Brazilian Amazon: Challenges for Public Health in Times of Increasing Migration

Cited by 10 publications

References 44 publications

Spread of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1 and 2 Among Relatives of People Who Use Illicit Drugs in Northern Brazil

Spread of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1 and 2 Among Relatives of People Who Use Illicit Drugs in Northern Brazil

Indigenous Eye Health in the Americas: The Burden of Vision Impairment and Ocular Diseases

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of infection with human T-lymphotropic virus in a non-endemic area: a single institution study

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About