HTLV‐I associated adult T‐cell leukaemia/lymphoma in Hong Kong

Liang, Raymond

doi:10.1002/ajh.2830450124

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 5 publications

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“…The first case of ATL was reported in Taiwan in 1985 (Chen et al, 1985), in Korea in 1987 (Lee et al, 1987), and in China in 1995 (Zhuo et al, 1995). In Hong Kong, since the first case of ATL was reported in 1994 (Liang, 1994), all patients with T-cell lymphoma have been routinely screened for HTLV-1 antibody. In a registration study of lymphoma between 1993 and 2002 in Hong Kong, six cases of ATL were diagnosed among 5,911 lymphomas, in which ATL contributed to 0.1% of all cases of lymphoma and 1.3% of T-cell lymphoma (Au and Lo, 2005).…”

Section: Incidence and Prevalencementioning

confidence: 99%

Adult T-Cell Leukemia: A Review of Epidemiological Evidence

2012

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Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is an aggressive T-cell malignancy caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-1) infection and often occurs in HTLV-1-endemic areas, such as southwestern Japan, the Caribbean islands, Central and South America, Intertropical Africa, and Middle East. To date, many epidemiological studies have been conducted to investigate the incidence of ATL among general population or HTLV-1 carriers and to identify a variety of laboratory, molecular, and host-specific markers to be possible predictive factors for developing ATL because HTLV-1 infection alone is not sufficient to develop ATL. This literature review focuses on the epidemiology of ATL and the risk factors for the development of ATL from HTLV-1 carriers, while keeping information on the epidemiology of HTLV-1 to a minimum. The main lines of epidemiological evidence are: (1) ATL occurs mostly in adults, at least 20–30 years after the HTLV-1 infection, (2) age at onset differs across geographic areas: the average age in the Central and South America (around 40 years old) is younger than that in Japan (around 60 years old), (3) ATL occurs in those infected in childhood, but seldom occurs in those infected in adulthood, (4) male carriers have about a three- to fivefold higher risk of developing ATL than female, (5) the estimated lifetime risk of developing ATL in HTLV-1 carriers is 6–7% for men and 2–3% for women in Japan, (6) a low anti-Tax reactivity, a high soluble interleukin-2 receptor level, a high anti-HTLV-1 titer, and high levels of circulating abnormal lymphocytes and white blood cell count are accepted risk factors for the development of ATL, and (7) a higher proviral load (more than 4 copies/100 peripheral blood mononuclear cells) is an independent risk factor for progression of ATL. Nevertheless, the current epidemiological evidence is insufficient to fully understand the oncogenesis of ATL. Further well-designed epidemiological studies are needed.

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Section: Incidence and Prevalencementioning

confidence: 99%