HTLV-I/II Infections in Spain

Soriano, Vincent; Calderón, E.; Esparza, B.; Cilla, Gustavo; Aguilera, Antonio; Gutiérrez, M.; J, Tor; Pujol, Emilio; Merino, Fernando; Pérez-Trallero, E

doi:10.1093/ije/22.4.716

Cited by 30 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…It could be suggested that HTLV-II epidemics in the European continent arose from infections due to Europe-USA/IDU connections. The first reports of HTLV-II among European IDUs were in 1990 in Italy (Zella et al 1990) and in 1993 in Norway and Spain (Flo et al 1993;Soriano et al 1993). Subsequent studies demonstrated that the IIb subtype is more prevalent in the south of Europe (Zella et al 1993;Vallejo and GarciaSaiz 1994), whereas the North European isolates seem to belong to the IIa subtype (Switzer et al 1995b), as confirmed by our two HTLV-IIa British isolates.…”

Section: Origin Of Htlv-ii Infection Among Idus and Fixation Rate Of supporting

confidence: 77%

Evolutionary Rate and Genetic Heterogeneity of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type II (HTLV-II) Using Isolates from European Injecting Drug Users

et al. 1998

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Seven new Italian and two new British HTLV-II isolates were obtained from injecting drug users and the entire long terminal repeat (LTR) region was sequenced. Restriction analysis showed that all the Italian isolates are of the IIb subtype, whereas the British isolates are of the IIa subtype. To understand whether the further differentiation of each two principal HTLV-II subtypes in several subgroups could be statistically supported by phylogenetic analysis, the neighbor-joining, parsimony, and maximum likelihood methods were used. The separation between IIa and IIb is very well supported by all three methods. At least two phylogenetic subgroups exist within the HTLV-IIa and at least three within the HTLV-IIb subtype. In the present analysis, no statistical support was obtained for additional phylogroups. Two particular subgroups seem interesting because they include all European and North American injecting drug user strains within the IIa and IIb subtypes, respectively. These data confirm that European HTLV-II infection among drug users is probably derived from North America. They also suggest that though a certain differentiation by restriction analysis in different subgroups is possible, carefully interpreted phylogenetic analyses remain necessary. Using the likelihood ratio test, a molecular clock for the drug user strains was calibrated. A fixation rate between 1.08 x 10(-4) and 2.7 x 10(-5) nucleotide substitutions per site per year was calculated for the IIa and IIb injecting drug user strains. This is the lowest fixation rate so far reported for RNA viruses, including for HIV, which typically range between 10(-2) and 10(-4).

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Section: Origin Of Htlv-ii Infection Among Idus and Fixation Rate Of supporting

confidence: 77%

Evolutionary Rate and Genetic Heterogeneity of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type II (HTLV-II) Using Isolates from European Injecting Drug Users

et al. 1998

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“…In addition, a 23-year-old male, born in Mali and residing in Madrid, is seropositive for HIV-1, HIV-2, and HTLV-I. Although he has a low CD4+ lymphocyte count, he remains asymptomatic (9). Another subject, a 33-year-old male from Cameroon now residing in Madrid, is coinfected by HIV-2 and HTLV-II.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another subject, a 33-year-old male from Cameroon now residing in Madrid, is coinfected by HIV-2 and HTLV-II. He reported having had several sexually transmitted diseases (9). HTLV-I/II infection was excluded in other 38 subjects with HIV-2 infection; the remaining could be not tested.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of HIV-2 infection in Spain

Soriano

Gutiérrez

Caballero

et al. 1996

Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.

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Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) infection is endemic in West Africa, where it is responsible for many cases of AIDS. HIV-2-infected subjects have been described in other countries, mainly African immigrants, although infection in native individuals has been reported as well. The first cases of HIV-2 infection in Spain were identified in 1988. Through December 1995, 56 HIV-2 infected individuals have been diagnosed, primarily in large urban areas (23 cases in Madrid and 18 in Barcelona). All are African immigrants, except for 12 natives (21.4%), six of whom acquired the infection in endemic areas; the remaining six (2 women with numerous sexual partners and 4 homo/bisexual men) acquired the infection in Spain. Heterosexual transmission was probable in all but seven cases: five homo/bisexual males, a subject who likely acquired infection through parenteral exposure, and a child born to an HIV-2-infected mother. Nine patients (all Spanish born) have developed AIDS (16%), six of whom have died. In conclusion, HIV-2 infection is present in Spain at a low rate, and there is little evidence supporting an emerging ongoing transmission outside the population of African immigrants.

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“…Thus the impact of HTLV-I1 infection on the progression to AIDS is still questioned. HTLV-I1 infection has been reported to be prevalent among IDUs in Europe (1,9,24,29) and in the United States (2), and slow progression to AIDS among HIV-infected IDUs has been reported from both continents (1 8, 20). In the Oslo HIV Cohort Study (7) and in another Norwegian cohort of HIV-infected subjects (8), more rapid progression to AIDS was seen in homosexual men than in IDUs.…”

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confidence: 99%

Co‐infection with HIV‐1/ HTLV‐II and the risk of progression to AIDS and death

Eskild¹,

Samdal²,

Heger

1996

APMIS

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Human T‐cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) types I and II were the first discovered human retroviruses. While HTLV‐I has been clearly associated with disease, the health implications of HTLV‐II infection are still unsettled. A prospective epidemiological study of 409 HIV‐infected subjects of different transmission categories was performed to study the presence of HTLV‐II antibodies, and whether HTLV‐II antibodies are associated with the progression to AIDS and to death of any cause. Of 409 subjects, 30 (7.3%) were HTLV‐II positive at study entry; 2 subjects seroconverted during follow‐up. In the HTLV‐II‐positive group 2 were heterosexually HIV infected, 28 (of whom 2 were seroconverters) were IDUs and 2 were homosexual men. When controlling for transmission category, gender, age and CD4+ lymphocyte count at study entry, the relative risk of AIDS progression for the HTLV‐II‐positive group was 2.1 (0.8–5.1, 95% confidence interval (CI)) as compared to the HTLV‐II‐negative group. The adjusted relative risk of dying was 2.1 (1.0–4.3, 95% CI). When studying IDUs separately, the adjusted relative risk of AIDS progression was 2.3 (0.8–6.9, 95% CI) and the relative risk of dying was 2.0 (0.9–4.6, 95% CI). The results of this study suggest that HTLV‐II is a cofactor in HIV disease progression. The number of HTLV‐II‐infected subjects, was, however, small, and insufficient control of confounding factors must be taken into consideration.

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HTLV-I/II Infections in Spain

Cited by 30 publications

References 0 publications

Evolutionary Rate and Genetic Heterogeneity of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type II (HTLV-II) Using Isolates from European Injecting Drug Users

Evolutionary Rate and Genetic Heterogeneity of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type II (HTLV-II) Using Isolates from European Injecting Drug Users

Epidemiology of HIV-2 infection in Spain

Co‐infection with HIV‐1/ HTLV‐II and the risk of progression to AIDS and death

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