Hukou System Influencing the Structural, Institutional Inequalities in China: The Multifaceted Disadvantages Rural Hukou Holders Face

Hung, Jason

doi:10.3390/socsci11050194

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…At that time, urban hukou holders enjoyed more extensive social security and medical insurance benefits compared to those with rural hukou. Consequently, the hukou status of resettled residents presented a mixture of rural and urban attributes (Hung, 2022). However, since the implementation of the household registration reform, resettled residents who originally held rural hukou have gradually transitioned to urban hukou status (Wu and Zhang, 2018).…”

Section: Suburban Migrants From Jiehebumentioning

confidence: 99%

Place of origin, education, and the career development plights of the suburban migrant workers in Zhejiang manufacturing industry

Zhang,

Zhou

2023

Transactions in Planning and Urban Research

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China’s rapid urbanization over the past three decades has created a multifaceted social-spatial dynamic on the urban fringe – urbanized suburbs, wherein an influx of migrants juxtaposed with an outflow of the local population. Against this background, the extant migrant studies in China mainly focus on rural and urban migration, yet suburban migrants are relatively underrepresented. Suburban migrants have roots in the built-up urban, and they designate rural residents who have been resettled during the urbanization process and subsequently moved into other cities to live and work. As the complexities of governmental schemes, their household registrations ( hukou) may or may not be changed from rural to urban during neighborhood redevelopment. In migrant studies that use rural-urban hukou as a dichotomous statistical classification, their socio-demographic characteristics as a sample group are hard to capture. This paper examines the career development of suburban migrants in the manufacturing industry in Zhejiang China, where migrant workers are concentrated. It compares the career development of migrant workers from rural, suburban, and urban areas on four dimensions – unemployment risk, occupational skill level, income level, and occupational position. The study of 553 intra-provincial migrant workers finds that suburban migrants encountered comparable challenges in their career development as rural migrants did. Furthermore, the level of education attained by individuals has a noteworthy mediating effect, contributing to the disparities observed across urban, suburban, and rural groups. The gap in career development between suburban migrants and their urban counterparts – even in Zhejiang, a province with the smallest economic gap between urban and rural development in China and was relatively less impacted by the epidemic outbreak – is still significant. This research aims to enrich scholarly dialogues surrounding the field of migrant studies and the intricate socio-spatial dynamics prevalent within Chinese suburban areas.

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Section: Suburban Migrants From Jiehebumentioning

confidence: 99%

Place of origin, education, and the career development plights of the suburban migrant workers in Zhejiang manufacturing industry

Zhang,

Zhou

2023

Transactions in Planning and Urban Research

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“…This can occur even if migrants experienced social exclusion or discrimination. Therefore, structural barriers, such as cultural distance [65], perceived discrimination [24], and hukou [66], should also be considered in future research. Fourth, the self-reported physician trust may have produced recall bias.…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Association between acculturation and physician trust for internal migrants: A cross-sectional study in China

Dong¹,

Xu²,

Sun³

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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Background Physician trust is a critical determinant of the physician–patient relationship and is necessary for an effective health system. Few studies have investigated the association between acculturation and physician trust. Thus, this study analyzed the association between acculturation and physician trust among internal migrants in China by using a cross-sectional research design. Methods Of the 2000 adult migrants selected using systematic sampling, 1330 participants were eligible. Among the eligible participants, 45.71% were female, and the mean age was 28.50 years old (standard deviation = 9.03). Multiple logistic regression was employed. Results Our findings indicated that acculturation was significantly associated with physician trust among migrants. The length of stay (LOS), the ability of speaking Shanghainese, and the integration into daily life were identified as contributing factors for physician trust when controlling for all the covariates in the model. Conclusion We suggest that specific LOS-based targeted policies and culturally sensitive interventions can promote acculturation among Shanghai’s migrants and improve their physician trust.

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“…In China, a village that has grown into a town in terms of the size of the built-up area also cannot change its administrative level, that is, it is still considered to be a rural place, e.g., if the area was a village in 1990, it would still be a village in 2020 (except it was removed or integrated into the surrounding urban). This phenomenon is attributed to the unique Hukou system in China [63] [64]. Based on this, the 45% threshold is determined mainly using the CLCD data in 1990, and the results are applied to the urban-rural division in all years from 1990 to 2020.…”

Section: Identification Of Urban and Rural Built-up Landmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Hukou system-induced rural built-up land outpaces urban expansion in threatening biodiversity in China

Zhang

Geng

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Over the past three decades, China has experienced the largest volumes of urban growth worldwide accompanied by a continued increase in rural built-up areas mainly due to the Hukou system (mainland China’s household registration system, separating urban and rural residents) [1][2], with an average annual increase of 3.23% in urban and 2.73% in rural built-up areas. Since China is much rich in biodiversity and has numerous species under threat, both urban and rural built-up land expansion may exacerbate the threats. Risks to biodiversity caused by urban-rural expansion, are crucial for human development and environmental sustainability, but less well explored. Here we investigate what extent urban and rural built-up land expansion contributed to habitat losses of endangered species. We estimate that from 1990 to 2020, urban and rural built-up land expansion induced 2% and 5% of habitat losses on average for each endangered species, and threatened 70% and 82% of endangered species, respectively. Rural built-up land expansion induced more losses of habitats with higher endangered species richness compared with urban expansion. The high-threat habitat areas caused by rural built-up land expansion were 2.5 times as large as those of urban expansion, and about 82% of endangered species were mainly threatened by rural built-up land expansion. Most of them were concentrated in central and south China, one of 25 biodiversity hot spots worldwide. Abolishment of the Hukou system accompanied by more policy arrangements for sustainable development can mitigate urban-rural inequalities. In this scenario, an average of about 647 km2/year would be released from fulfilling the need of built-up area, thus remaining as habitat for biodiversity. Our findings help to provide important insights for biodiversity preservation in the countries with urbanization or rural built-up land expansion, and inform local policy makers in their assessment of prioritization of future ecological sustainability.

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Hukou System Influencing the Structural, Institutional Inequalities in China: The Multifaceted Disadvantages Rural Hukou Holders Face

Cited by 22 publications

References 71 publications

Place of origin, education, and the career development plights of the suburban migrant workers in Zhejiang manufacturing industry

Place of origin, education, and the career development plights of the suburban migrant workers in Zhejiang manufacturing industry

Association between acculturation and physician trust for internal migrants: A cross-sectional study in China

The Hukou system-induced rural built-up land outpaces urban expansion in threatening biodiversity in China

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