Human Acute and Chronic Viruses: Host-Pathogen Interactions and Therapeutics

Hoffman, Matilde; Chigbu, DeGaulle I.; Crumley, Brenndan L.; Sharma, Ravi; Pustylnikov, Sergei; Crilley, Thomas A.; Ginwala, Rashida; Loonawat, Ronak; Joseph, Julie; Sales, Dominic; Wilson, S. G. F.; Jain, Pooja

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-33946-3_1

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 493 publications

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“…There are currently no specific FDA approved medicines for treating ZIKV infection; however, specific pharmacotherapy is required to treat the ocular manifestations of ZIKV infections [16,145,146]. Anterior segment conditions, such as conjunctivitis and keratitis, are treated with topical antimicrobials and palliative care.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because there is no approved specific therapy for ZIKV infection, preventive strategies, such as reducing the risk associated with both vector and non-vector transmission, are necessary. Draining mosquito breeding grounds and using insecticides are important measures to prevent ZIKV infection acquired through mosquito bites [16,145,146]. Because of the neuro-ophthalmic and ocular complications associated with ZIKV infection, it is imperative to develop and utilize antiviral agents that target the ZIKV proteins that are responsible for immune evasion and viral replication [150].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pathogenesis and Manifestations of Zika Virus-Associated Ocular Diseases

Labib

Chigbu

2022

TropicalMed

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Zika virus (ZIKV) is mosquito-borne flavivirus that caused a significant public health concern in French Polynesia and South America. The two major complications that gained the most media attention during the ZIKV outbreak were Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) and microcephaly in newborn infants. The two modes of ZIKV transmission are the vector-borne and non-vector borne modes of transmission. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are the most important vectors of ZIKV. ZIKV binds to surface receptors on permissive cells that support infection and replication, such as neural progenitor cells, dendritic cells, dermal fibroblasts, retinal pigment epithelial cells, endothelial cells, macrophages, epidermal keratinocytes, and trophoblasts to cause infection. The innate immune response to ZIKV infection is mediated by interferons and natural killer cells, whereas the adaptive immune response is mediated by CD8+T cells, Th1 cells, and neutralizing antibodies. The non-structural proteins of ZIKV, such as non-structural protein 5, are involved in the evasion of the host’s immune defense mechanisms. Ocular manifestations of ZIKV arise from the virus’ ability to cross both the blood–brain barrier and blood-retinal barrier, as well as the blood-aqueous barrier. Most notably, this results in the development of GBS, a rare neurological complication in acute ZIKV infection. This can yield ocular symptoms and signs. Additionally, infants to whom ZIKV is transmitted congenitally develop congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). The ocular manifestations are widely variable, and include nonpurulent conjunctivitis, anterior uveitis, keratitis, trabeculitis, congenital glaucoma, microphthalmia, hypoplastic optic disc, and optic nerve pallor. There are currently no FDA approved therapeutic agents for treating ZIKV infections and, as such, a meticulous ocular examination is an important aspect of the diagnosis. This review utilized several published articles regarding the ocular findings of ZIKV, antiviral immune responses to ZIKV infection, and the pathogenesis of ocular manifestations in individuals with ZIKV infection. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the viral immunology of ZIKV, interactions between ZIKV and the host’s immune defense mechanism, pathological mechanisms, as well as anterior and posterior segment findings associated with ZIKV infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenesis and Manifestations of Zika Virus-Associated Ocular Diseases

Labib

Chigbu

2022

TropicalMed

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“…This raises an alarm about the high chance of sexually transmitting the COVID 19 to the partner (Paoli et al 2021). We have already discussed the expression of ACE2 in the vagina, so when COVID 19 enters via semen during intercourse, the vaginal fluid supports the expression of ACE2 receptor activation (Hoffman et al 2020).…”

Section: Expression Of Ace2 In the Human Maternal-fetal Interfacementioning

confidence: 99%

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) - A macromolecule and its impact on human reproduction during COVID-19 pandemic

2022

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome novel coronavirus 2 (SARS-nCoV-2). It has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. Since then, several researchers have worked/ are working on this virus by a multifactorial approach to finding out the mechanism of entry, transmission route, post-infection replication process, survival, and post-recovery utilities. As we know, SARS, MERS, and Zika viruses have affected human reproductive potentials, consequently, COVID 19 also can affect both men's and women's reproductive potential through ACE2 macromolecule. This study aimed to summarize the role of ACE2- macromolecule in COVID 19 entry and further processes in the reproductive path of both men and women. Research articles were searched in NCBI-NLM, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. We searched based on the phrase “COVID 19”, “ACE2”, “ACE2 in testes”, “ACE2 in the female reproductive tract”, “ACE2 during pregnancy”, “ACE2 during early embryo”, “COVID 19 and impact in human reproduction” and selected the articles for summarizing this article. Most recent articles and the mechanism of COVID 19 were selected for our understanding. The results of the study revealed that COVID 19 impacts the reproductive potential of both men and women. Testes are the most vulnerable organ prone to infection in men, and vaginal fluid and the uterus could be the choice of infection in the female. Till now, COVID 19 has not been directly detected in semen samples and vaginal fluid. Results of the study can be concluded that ACE2 plays a major role in COVID 19 infection, ACE2 expression could be more in the testes, ovary, uterus, and vagina. COVID 19 could impact more on human reproduction and lead to a loss of fertility status for a while. All antiviral treatments could pose a negative impact on human reproduction. Further research should be carried out on the already existing theoretical hypothesis of SARS-Co-V-2 on human reproduction.

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“…Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is clinically important viral infection as the number of infected individuals with it is relatively higher than most of the other viruses. It is considered a one of the major public health problems worldwide; about 30% of people around the world (350-500 million people) have been infected with HBV at some point and show serological evidence of current or past infection [1][2][3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of hepatitis B virus immune status among hepatitis B virus vaccinated children.

Bakr

Sherbini

Aboulela

et al. 2022

Microbes and Infectious Diseases

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Background:: Vaccination compared to other measures is considered the most efficient and cost-effective strategy against hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection which decreases the incidence of both HBV infection and hepatocellular carcinoma. This study involved 179 children vaccinated against HBV during infancy, and aimed to assess the immune status against HBV among HBV vaccinated children in different age groups. Methods: Participants were chosen according to previously settled inclusion and exclusion criteria. Recruited participants' ages ranged from 9 months till 10 years who had received the full routine infancy vaccination course. Participants were divided according to age into three groups: group A ages from 9 months to less than 2 years of age (41 children 22.9%), group B ages from 2 years to less than 5 years (64 children 35.8%), and group C ages from 6 years to 10 years (74 children 41.3%). Serum levels of antiHBs were measured. Results: Out of 179 participants, there were 154 children (86%) seroprotected, while 25 children (14%) were not. Moreover, 100% of children under 3 years were seroprotected. Seroprotection rate under 5 years was 95.2%. While in group C seroprotection rate was 73%. Males showed a slightly higher seroprotection rate than females although statically insignificant. Conclusion: Universal hepatitis B vaccination shows excellent effectiveness in Egypt. Total seroprotection rate (86%) is higher than in previous local and global studies that may return to the recent implementation of birth dose in Egypt.

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Human Acute and Chronic Viruses: Host-Pathogen Interactions and Therapeutics

Cited by 6 publications

References 493 publications

Pathogenesis and Manifestations of Zika Virus-Associated Ocular Diseases

Pathogenesis and Manifestations of Zika Virus-Associated Ocular Diseases

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) - A macromolecule and its impact on human reproduction during COVID-19 pandemic

Assessment of hepatitis B virus immune status among hepatitis B virus vaccinated children.

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