Human airway and lung microbiome at the crossroad of health and disease (Review)

Abstract

The evolving field of the microbiome and microbiota has become a popular research topic. The human microbiome is defined as a new organ and is considered a living community of commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms within a certain body space. The term 'microbiome' is used to define the entire genome of the microbiota. Bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae and small protists are all members of the microbiota, followed by phages, viruses, plasmids and mobile genetic elements. The composition, heterogeneity and dynamics of microbiomes in time and space, their stability and resistance, essential characteristics and key participants, as well as interactions within the microbiome and with the host, are crucial lines of investigation for the development of successful future diagnostics and therapies. Standardization of microbiome studies and harmonized comparable methodologies are required for the transfer of knowledge from fundamental science into the clinic. Human health is dependent on microbiomes and achieved by nurturing beneficial resident microorganisms and their interplay with the host. The present study reviewed scientific knowledge on the major components of the human respiratory microbiome, i.e. bacteria, viruses and fungi, their symbiotic and parasitic roles, and, also, major diseases of the human respiratory tract and their microbial etiology. Bidirectional relationships regulate microbial ecosystems and host susceptibility. Moreover, environmental insults render host tissues and microbiota disease-prone. The human respiratory microbiome reflects the ambient air microbiome. By understanding the human respiratory microbiome, potential therapeutic strategies may be proposed.

Bioinformatics Applications in Chronic Diseases: A Comprehensive Review of Genomic, Transcriptomics, Proteomic, Metabolomics, and Machine Learning Approaches

“…A developing discipline called microbiome research looks into the intricate groups of bacteria that live inside the human body. Research on the impact of the microbiome on chronic illnesses, such as metabolic disorders, autoimmune diseases, and mental health issues, is quite active (Raudoniute et al, 2022). Future research will focus on figuring out how the microbiome affects disease processes, opening the door for microbiome-based therapies.…”

Quantification of the Relationship of Pyridoxine and Spirometry Measurements in the United States Population

“…Lung function is crucial for overall health, as it affects daily activities and physical and mental well-being [ [1] , [2] , [3] ]. There is a push toward research that focuses on understanding factors that impact respiratory health and how they lead to changes in lung function [ 4 , 5 ]. Improving lung function leads to better daily activity, increased energy, and mental well-being and reduces risk of chronic respiratory conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [ [6] , [7] , [8] ].…”