Human amygdala activity during the expression of fear responses.

Cheng, Dominic T.; Knight, David C.; Smith, C.W.; Helmstetter, Fred J.

doi:10.1037/0735-7044.120.5.1187

Cited by 113 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…In addition, many of the regions showing UCR diminution in the present study have been implicated in prior fear learning and memory research. For example, the amygdala is a principal site of fear learning that appears to be involved in forming CS-UCS associations and producing CRs (Cheng et al, 2006, Helmstetter, 1992, Knight et al, 2005, and LeDoux, 2000. Further, amygdala activity is often observed in fMRI studies of Pavlovian fear conditioning, showing larger responses to CS+ than CS− presentations (Büchel et al, 1998, Dunsmoor et al, 2007, Labar et al, 1998, and Tabbert et al, 2005.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The hippocampus, thalamus, cingulate, insula, orbitofrontal, and sensory cortex respond to CSs paired with an aversive stimulus (Büchel et al, 1998, Büchel et al, 1999, Dunsmoor et al, 2007, Knight et al, 1999, Knight et al, 2004, LaBar et al, 1998, and Phelps et al, 2004. Further, the amygdala appears to be involved in forming CS-UCS associations and producing CRs (Büchel et al, 1998;Cheng et al, 2003, Cheng et al, 2006, Knight et al, 2005, and LaBar et al, 1998. Neuroimaging research of fear conditioning also indicates that the magnitude of the CR is influenced by the CS-UCS pairing rate (Dunsmoor et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neural correlates of unconditioned response diminution during Pavlovian conditioning

2008

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Pavlovian conditioning research has shown that unconditioned responses (UCR) to aversive unconditioned stimuli (UCS) are reduced when a UCS is predictable. This effect is known as UCR diminution. In the present study, we examined UCR diminution in the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signal by varying the rate at which a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) was paired with an aversive UCS. UCR diminution was observed within several brain regions associated with fear learning, including the amygdala, anterior cingulate, auditory cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex when a CS continuously relative to intermittently predicted the UCS. In addition, an inverse relationship between UCS expectancy and UCR magnitude was observed within the amygdala, anterior cingulate, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, such that as UCS expectancy increased the UCR decreased. These findings demonstrate UCR diminution within the fMRI signal, and suggest that UCS expectancies modulate UCR magnitude.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural correlates of unconditioned response diminution during Pavlovian conditioning

2008

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“…For instance, the amygdala plays a critical role in the detection of naturally occurring threats (Merckelbach et al, 1995;Ohman, 2005; see also Larson et al, 2006); classic conditioning to aversive stimuli (Cheng et al, 2006;Phelps & LeDoux, 2005); and the anticipation of nonsocial reward (Balleine & Killcross, 2006;Bechara et al, 1995).…”

Section: Nonsocial Emotion Processing In Autismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intact emotion facilitation for nonsocial stimuli in autism: Is amygdala impairment in autism specific for social information?

South

Ozonoff

Suchy

et al. 2007

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

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Atypical amygdala development may play a key role in the emergence of social disability and other symptoms of autism (Baron-Cohen et al., 2000;Schultz, 2005). The mechanisms by which this may occur have received little attention, however, and most support from behavioral and imaging studies has been concerned with socially relevant stimuli such as faces. Given the complexity of amygdala function and its known role in many other emotional tasks, we examined whether individuals with autism would demonstrate impaired performance on several tasks that have been shown to require activation of the amygdala but that do not have any explicit social meaning. Relative to a typical comparison group matched for age and IQ, our sample of 37 adolescents and adults with autism (mean age 5 19.7 years) demonstrated equivalent facilitation for perception and learning of emotionally relevant stimuli. On each of four tasks, there were significant main effects of emotion condition on performance for both groups. Future research regarding atypical amygdala function and emotion processing in autism should consider whether the response to nonsocial emotion factors (including negative valence or high arousal) may be intact, despite difficulties in responding to socially relevant stimuli. (JINS, 2008, 14, 42-54.)

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“…Human lesion and neuroimaging studies reveal a central role for the amygdala in fear conditioning (Bechara et al, 1995;Büchel et al, 1998;Cheng et al, 2006;LaBar et al, 1998;LaBar et al, 1995). In addition to the engagement of the amygdala, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of fear conditioning commonly report CS-evoked increases in blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activation in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC).…”

Section: Neural Circuits Underlying Fear Learning and Regulation In Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitive Periods in Affective Development: Nonlinear Maturation of Fear Learning

Hartley

Lee

2014

Neuropsychopharmacol

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At specific maturational stages, neural circuits enter sensitive periods of heightened plasticity, during which the development of both brain and behavior are highly receptive to particular experiential information. A relatively advanced understanding of the regulatory mechanisms governing the initiation, closure, and reinstatement of sensitive period plasticity has emerged from extensive research examining the development of the visual system. In this article, we discuss a large body of work characterizing the pronounced nonlinear changes in fear learning and extinction that occur from childhood through adulthood, and their underlying neural substrates. We draw upon the model of sensitive period regulation within the visual system, and present burgeoning evidence suggesting that parallel mechanisms may regulate the qualitative changes in fear learning across development.

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Human amygdala activity during the expression of fear responses.

Cited by 113 publications

References 46 publications

Neural correlates of unconditioned response diminution during Pavlovian conditioning

Neural correlates of unconditioned response diminution during Pavlovian conditioning

Intact emotion facilitation for nonsocial stimuli in autism: Is amygdala impairment in autism specific for social information?

Sensitive Periods in Affective Development: Nonlinear Maturation of Fear Learning

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