“…Europe has been transitioning towards cleaner energy sources since the 1960s (IEA, 2023). Nuclear and natural gas were initially considered potential pillars of this transition, but safety concerns and dependence on fuel imports led to implementation of alternative strategies to meet demand (Ayodeji, Amidu, Olatubosun, Addad and Ahmed, 2022;Schöbel, Silla, Teperi, Gustafsson, Piirto, Rollenhagen and Wahlström, 2022). Starting in 2005, Europe shifted its focus towards renewable energy (IEA, 2023).…”