Human appetitive Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer: a goal-directed account

Mahlberg, Justin; Seabrooke, Tina; Weidemann, Gabrielle; Hogarth, Lee; Mitchell, Chris; Moustafa, Ahmed A.

doi:10.1007/s00426-019-01266-3

Cited by 39 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…Findings such as these are addressed in the literature dealing with Pavlovian to Instrumental Transfer (e.g, Mahlberg et al, 2019) and the findings reported here are consistent with a documented specific Pavlovian to Instrumental Transfer (PIT) effect (e.g., Alarcon et al, 2018) in which a stimulus paired with a reinforcer increases the local probability of a response maintained by the same reinforcer. The accounts for these phenomena have typically been couched in terms of outcome expectancy theory (e.g., Trapold, 1970; Trapold & Overmier, 1972).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Do common elements predict class merger: A test of Sidman's theory of equivalence

Vaidya

Niland

2020

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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The study presented here investigated the effect of common and uncommon elements on class merger as predicted by Sidman in his reconceptualization of stimulus equivalence suggesting that common elements among contingencies can facilitate emergent performances (1994, 1997, 2000). Eight adult participants were exposed to a procedure that arranged for stimulus–reinforcer correlations in Phase 1 and response–reinforcer correlations in Phase 2 of a 3‐phase study. In the common element group, the visual images serving as reinforcers were the same in Phase 1 and Phase 2. In the uncommon elements group, the images serving as reinforcers were different in Phases 1 and 2. In Phase 3, participants were given an opportunity to respond but no feedback was programmed. The results showed that participants' responding was well differentiated in the common element group and undifferentiated in the uncommon elements group. These results are predicted by Sidman's revised formulation of the provenance and scope of equivalence relations. Specifically, these data support Sidman's (1994, 1997, 2000) suggestion that elements of a contingency enter into an equivalence class and common elements among contingencies are sufficient to produce class mergers. The findings highlight an emergent simple discrimination and raise some interesting considerations about the definition of equivalence under the new formulation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Do common elements predict class merger: A test of Sidman's theory of equivalence

Vaidya

Niland

2020

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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“…In the associative Figure S. 3 for details).~P < 0.1; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 Β, estimated regression coefficients for fixed effects; SE, estimated standard error of the regression coefficients; Val, valence; Inf, information; Fix., fixation duration; Stim., stimulus display duration; Sess, session number P < 0.1; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 learning literature, similar Pavlovian effects-whereby the presentation of reward-associated stimuli can motivate behaviors that have produced rewards in the past-have been described (Mahlberg et al, 2019). One of the most studied effect is the Pavolvian-Instrumental Transfer (PIT), which is defined as an increased vigor in instrumentally trained responses when these are made in the context of Pavlovian, or reward-associated, cues (Cartoni et al, 2016;Holmes et al, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Robust valence-induced biases on motor response and confidence in human reinforcement learning

Ting

Palminteri

Engelmann

et al. 2020

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci

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In simple instrumental-learning tasks, humans learn to seek gains and to avoid losses equally well. Yet, two effects of valence are observed. First, decisions in loss-contexts are slower. Second, loss contexts decrease individuals' confidence in their choices. Whether these two effects are two manifestations of a single mechanism or whether they can be partially dissociated is unknown. Across six experiments, we attempted to disrupt the valence-induced motor bias effects by manipulating the mapping between decisions and actions and imposing constraints on response times (RTs). Our goal was to assess the presence of the valenceinduced confidence bias in the absence of the RT bias. We observed both motor and confidence biases despite our disruption attempts, establishing that the effects of valence on motor and metacognitive responses are very robust and replicable. Nonetheless, within-and between-individual inferences reveal that the confidence bias resists the disruption of the RT bias. Therefore, although concomitant in most cases, valence-induced motor and confidence biases seem to be partly dissociable. These results highlight new important mechanistic constraints that should be incorporated in learning models to jointly explain choice, reaction times and confidence.

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“…The strategies employed by participants in PIT tasks have been shown to be extremely sensitive to instruction, particularly instructions around the appearance of the Pavlovian cues in the test phase. 70 As such, the results of Lehman et al should be interpreted with caution.…”

Section: Pavlovian-to-instrumental Transfer: Biasing Instrumental Resmentioning

confidence: 93%

Is the habit system altered in individuals with obesity? A systematic review

Ciria¹,

Watson²,

Vadillo³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Habit-like eating behavior is repeatedly pointed to as a key cognitive mechanism contributing to the maintenance of overweight and obesity. Here, we conducted a systematic review of the literature to assess the existent behavioural evidence for the Habit Hypothesis for Overeating (HHO) which states that overweight and obesity are the consequence of an imbalance between the habit and goal-directed reward learning systems, leading to overconsumption of food. We found a total of 16 studies implementing a variety of different experimental protocols (i.e., free operant paradigm, slips-of-action test, two-step task, Pavlovian-to-Instrumental (PIT) paradigm, probabilistic learning task) and manipulations that rely on radically different theoretical stances. Studies using satiety-based outcome devaluation procedures as well as probabilistic learning tasks seem to provide preliminary evidence for the HHO. However, findings from different outcome devaluation procedures, sequential decision-making tasks, and PIT paradigms fail to show increased habitual eating behavior propensity in obesity. Taken together, the results of these studies do not support the HHO conclusively. More research along these lines is needed, as if proved, HHO might have a transformative impact on public health, shifting the traditional framework in the treatment and prevention of overweight and obesity.

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Human appetitive Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer: a goal-directed account

Cited by 39 publications

References 86 publications

Do common elements predict class merger: A test of Sidman's theory of equivalence

Do common elements predict class merger: A test of Sidman's theory of equivalence

Robust valence-induced biases on motor response and confidence in human reinforcement learning

Is the habit system altered in individuals with obesity? A systematic review

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