Human Astroviruses

Bosch, Albert; Pintó, Rosa M.; Guix, Susana

doi:10.1128/cmr.00013-14

Cited by 342 publications

(409 citation statements)

References 295 publications

(433 reference statements)

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“…These observations suggest that MLB-AstVs may be more prevalent than VA-AstVs among children with diarrheal disease. All MLB-AstV strains found in this study were classified as type 2 strains, which have been found in nasopharyngeal swab and plasma samples obtained from febrile children and have been hypothesized to infect extraenteric tissues (7,50,51). Our results suggest that the prevalence of nonenteric MLB-AstVs as well as enteric viruses can be assumed by investigating wastewater samples.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

“…The novel AstV strains are genetically distinct from the classic HAstV strains (20)(21)(22); in fact, VA-AstVs are genetically more closely related to mink/ovine AstVs than to classic HAstVs (20,22). To date, MLB-AstVs have been divided into 3 genotypes (MLB-AstV genotype 1 [MLB-AstV-1] to MLB-AstV-3) and VAAstVs have been divided into 4 genotypes (VA-AstV genotype 1 [VA-AstV-1] to VA-AstV-4) (7,20,23,24). It has been suggested that VA-AstV-1 and MLB-AstV-1 are associated with gastroenteritis outbreaks (23, 25), but the prevalence and etiological role of the novel AstV strains in humans remain unclear (26,27).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The infections typically occur sporadically, and the cause of 2 to 10% of total viral gastroenteritis cases is attributed to HAstVs (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6). Astroviruses (AstVs) possess nonenveloped, icosahedrally shaped virions containing approximately 6,800 nucleotides (nt) of single-stranded positive-sense RNA (7). It has been reported that the diameter of AstV particles shed in fecal specimens ranges from 28 to 31 nm, while the diameter of those grown in cell culture is 41 nm (8).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been reported that the diameter of AstV particles shed in fecal specimens ranges from 28 to 31 nm, while the diameter of those grown in cell culture is 41 nm (8). Their viral genome consists of three open reading frames (ORFs), namely, ORF1a, ORF1b, and ORF2, encoding the serine protease, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and capsid proteins, respectively (7). HAstVs are antigenically or genetically classified into eight different types (HAstV type 1 [HAstV-1] to .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wastewater Analysis Indicates that Genetically Diverse Astroviruses, Including Strains Belonging to Novel Clades MLB and VA, Are Circulating within Japanese Populations

Hata

Katayama

Kitajima

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Human astroviruses (HAstVs) are a common etiological agent of infantile gastroenteritis. Recent studies revealed that novel astrovirus (AstV) strains of the MLB clade (MLB-AstVs) and VA clade (VA-AstVs), which are genetically distinct from the classic HAstVs, are circulating in the human population. In the present study, we quantified classic HAstVs as well as carried out a genetic analysis of classic and novel HAstVs in wastewater in Japan. The concentration of classic HAstVs in the influent water samples ranged from 10 4 to 10 5 copies per liter, and the amount removed by wastewater treatment was determined to be 2.4 ؎ 0.3 log 10 . Four types of classic HAstV strains (HAstV types 1, 2, 5, and 4/8) as well as novel AstV strains belonging to the MLB-2, VA-1, and VA-2 clades were identified using reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assays, including assays newly developed for the detection of strains of the MLB and VA clades, followed by cloning and nucleotide sequencing. Our results suggest that genetically diverse AstV strains are circulating among the human population in Japan. The newly developed (semi)nested RT-PCR assays for these novel AstV clades are useful to identify and characterize the novel AstVs in environmental waters.H uman astroviruses (HAstVs) are considered one of the most important causes of infantile gastroenteritis worldwide (1). The infections typically occur sporadically, and the cause of 2 to 10% of total viral gastroenteritis cases is attributed to HAstVs (1-6). Astroviruses (AstVs) possess nonenveloped, icosahedrally shaped virions containing approximately 6,800 nucleotides (nt) of single-stranded positive-sense RNA (7). It has been reported that the diameter of AstV particles shed in fecal specimens ranges from 28 to 31 nm, while the diameter of those grown in cell culture is 41 nm (8). Their viral genome consists of three open reading frames (ORFs), namely, ORF1a, ORF1b, and ORF2, encoding the serine protease, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and capsid proteins, respectively (7). HAstVs are antigenically or genetically classified into eight different types (HAstV type 1 [HAstV-1] to HAstV-8). Previous studies revealed that HAstV-1 is the most prevalent type among infected individuals and in the environment, followed by 5,[9][10][11][12][13].Because HAstV can be excreted in the feces of infected individuals at a high concentration (up to 10 15 particles/g) (14), examination of municipal wastewater samples could be an effective approach to understand the actual prevalence and epidemiology of these viruses (15, 16). In spite of their importance as enteric pathogens, the occurrence and other characteristics of HAstVs in water compared to those of other enteric viruses, such as noroviruses, rotaviruses, and adenoviruses, have not been well documented (17, 18). Due to the scarcity of knowledge, the fate of HAstVs in water environments and wastewater treatment processes is not well understood.Recent studies based on viral metagenomic analysis have identified some novel AstVs, namely, clade MLB ...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wastewater Analysis Indicates that Genetically Diverse Astroviruses, Including Strains Belonging to Novel Clades MLB and VA, Are Circulating within Japanese Populations

Hata

Katayama

Kitajima

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Astrovirus is responsible for a considerable proportion of gastroenteritis cases in young children, the elderly, and the immunosuppressed (75)(76)(77). NoV GII, which is considered to be an etiologic agent frequently associated with cases of gastroenteritis, was found in only 5% of water samples, perhaps reflecting the agricultural impact in the watershed (as reflected also in the somewhat higher level of detection of NoV GIII, at ϳ11%).…”

Section: Detection and Densities Of F-specific Coliphage And Viruses mentioning

confidence: 99%

Waterborne Viruses and F-Specific Coliphages in Mixed-Use Watersheds: Microbial Associations, Host Specificities, and Affinities with Environmental/Land Use Factors

Jones

Brassard

Topp

et al. 2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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From the years 2008 to 2014, a total of 1,155 water samples were collected (spring to fall) from 24 surface water sampling sites located in a mixed-used but predominantly agricultural (i.e., dairy livestock production) river basin in eastern Ontario, Canada. Water was analyzed for viable F-specific DNA (F-DNA) and F-specific RNA (F-RNA) (genogroup I [GI] to GIV) coliphage and a suite of molecularly detected viruses (norovirus [GI to GIV], torque teno virus [TTV], rotavirus, kobuvirus, adenovirus, astrovirus, hepatitis A, and hepatitis E). F-DNA and F-RNA coliphage were detected in 33 and 28% of the samples at maximum concentrations of 2,000 and 16,300 PFU · 100 ml Ϫ1 , respectively. Animal TTV, human TTV, kobuvirus, astrovirus, and norovirus GIII were the most prevalent viruses, found in 23, 20, 13, 12, and 11% of samples, respectively. Viable F-DNA coliphage was found to be a modest positive indicator of molecularly detected TTV. F-RNA coliphage, unlike F-DNA coliphage, was a modest positive predictor of norovirus and rotavirus. There were, however, a number of significant negative associations among F-specific coliphage and viruses. F-DNA coliphage densities of Ͼ142 PFU · 100 ml Ϫ1 delineated conditions when ϳ95% of water samples contained some type of virus. Kobuvirus was the virus most strongly related to detection of any other virus. Land use had some associations with virus/F-specific coliphage detection, but season and surface water flow were the variables that were most important for broadly delineating detection. Higher relative levels of detection of human viruses and human F-RNA coliphage were associated with higher relative degrees of upstream human land development in a catchment.IMPORTANCE This study is one of the first, to our knowledge, to evaluate relationships among F-specific coliphages and a large suite of enteric viruses in mixed-use but agriculturally dominated surface waters in Canada. This study suggested that relationships between viable F-specific coliphages and molecularly detected viruses do exist, but they are not always positive. Caution should be employed if viable F-specific coliphages are to be used as indicators of virus presence in surface waters. This study elucidates relative effects of agriculture, wildlife, and human activity on virus and F-specific coliphage detection. Seasonal and meteorological attributes play a strong role in the detection of most virus and F-specific coliphage targets.KEYWORDS viruses, F-specific coliphages, pollution, indicators, surface water, microbial source tracking

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Astroviruses

Schultz‐Cherry

2015

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Astroviruses are positive‐sense, single‐stranded RNA viruses encoding three open reading frames. However, the exact number of processed proteins remains unknown. Originally identified as a common cause of childhood diarrhoea, especially in children under 2 years of age, astroviruses are now recognised as an infection of diverse mammals and birds. Disease can range from asymptomatic to mild, self‐limiting gastroenteritis, as well as nephritis, hepatitis and encephalitis in certain host species. Astrovirus pathogenicity and immune response is only poorly characterised and may differ between mammalian and avian species. Given the wide host range and extensive genetic diversity among species, it is not surprising that classifying astrovirus family members remains a challenge. In this article, the current knowledge of astroviruses is reviewed, including their replication, viral evolution, pathogenesis and immune response. Key Concepts The Astroviridae are a complex family of emerging viruses. Astrovirus pathogenesis and host immune responses remain an underexplored area of investigation. Astroviruses may be more prevalent in humans than previously recognised. Astroviridae classification and nomenclature for newly identified genotypes are needed. Astroviruses are associated with more than gastroenteritis.

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Human Astroviruses

Cited by 342 publications

References 295 publications

Wastewater Analysis Indicates that Genetically Diverse Astroviruses, Including Strains Belonging to Novel Clades MLB and VA, Are Circulating within Japanese Populations

Wastewater Analysis Indicates that Genetically Diverse Astroviruses, Including Strains Belonging to Novel Clades MLB and VA, Are Circulating within Japanese Populations

Waterborne Viruses and F-Specific Coliphages in Mixed-Use Watersheds: Microbial Associations, Host Specificities, and Affinities with Environmental/Land Use Factors

Astroviruses

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