Human bioavailability and metabolism of phenolic compounds from red wine enriched with free or nano-encapsulated phenolic extract

Antioxidant Capacity of Anthocyanin Pigments

“…The most recent papers published on the subject are summarized in Table 2 [96,101,[140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151]. Anthocyanins are metabolized to a structurally diverse range of metabolites that exhibit dynamic kinetic profiles.…”

“…Pharmacokinetic trial to evaluate the bioavailability of anthocyanins and colonic polyphenol metabolites after consumption of aronia berry extract in plasma and urine [96] Evaluation of the protective effects of protocatechuic acid [140] Effects of black raspberry extract and protocatechuic acid on DNA adduct formation and mutagenesis in rat oral fibroblasts [141] Influence of ethanol on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of blackberry anthocyanins [142] Pharmacokinetic trial to evaluate the of nanoencapsulation of a phenol extract from grape pomace on human plasma [143] Pharmacokinetic characterization of anthocyanins in overweight adults on the basis of meal timing [97] Determination of cyanidin 3-glucoside in rat brain, liver and kidneys: a short-term pharmacokinetic study [144] Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and regional brain distribution of polyphenols from apple-grape seed extract mixture and bilberry extract [145] Evaluation of changes in metabolic parameters, and in cardiovascular and liver structure and function in rat due to administration of either cyanidin 3-glucoside or Queen Garnet plum juice [146] Bioavailability and uptake of anthocyanins and their metabolites from an anthocyanins-rich grape/ blueberry juice and smoothie in vivo and in vitro [101] Effects of anthocyanins and their corresponding anthocyanidins on the expression levels of organic anion transporting polypeptides in primary human hepatocytes [147] Effect of flavan-3-ols and anthocyanins against inflammatory-related diseases [148] Anthocyanin pharmacokinetics and dose-dependent plasma antioxidant pharmacodynamics by intake of Montmorency tart cherries in healthy humans [149] Pharmacokinetics of the metabolites of cyanidin-3-glucoside [150] Abundance and persistence of metabolites of anthocyanins in human urine [151] …”

Endothelial Cells Deconjugate Resveratrol Metabolites to Free Resveratrol: A Possible Role in Tissue Factor Modulation

“…The polyphenol stilbene RV (3, 5, 4′‐trihydroxy‐stilbene; Figure S1A, Supporting Information) is a naturally occurring phenolic compound that is present in a wide range of edible fruits and vegetables (such as berries, peanuts, and grapes). Red wine is the main source of RV in the human diet, not only within the context of the Mediterranean diet but also as a frequently consumed food supplement. RV and its glucoside form, called piceid (3, 5, 4′‐trihydroxystilbene‐3‐β‐ d ‐glucoside; Figure S1B, Supporting Information) are the main stilbenes present in red wine .…”

“…Red wine is the main source of RV in the human diet, not only within the context of the Mediterranean diet but also as a frequently consumed food supplement. RV and its glucoside form, called piceid (3, 5, 4′‐trihydroxystilbene‐3‐β‐ d ‐glucoside; Figure S1B, Supporting Information) are the main stilbenes present in red wine . Both RV and piceid are present in two isoforms with the trans ‐isomers being more thermodynamically stable and quantitatively more abundant in nature than the cis ‐isomers .…”

“…Although approximately 75% of RV is absorbed in humans after oral consumption, the presence of free RV in plasma as a circulating metabolite is low as a consequence of its rapid and extensive phase‐II metabolism by the liver, intestinal tract, and gut microbiota . Consequently, ≈20 RV metabolites (RVmet) have been identified in human and animal plasma, urine, and some tissue samples, in particular the sulfated and the glucuronidated forms RV‐3‐ O ‐β‐ d ‐glucuronide (RV3G), RV‐4′‐ O ‐ d ‐glucuronide (RV4G), and RV‐3‐ O ‐sulfate (RV3S) (Figure S1C–E, Supporting Information). On the other hand, piceid is deglycosylated to RV by a glycosidase enzyme before being absorbed in the intestine and undergoing phase‐II metabolism to generate RVmet .…”