Human Biology and Research in Body Composition

Garn, Stanley M.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1963.tb15771.x

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

1963

DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1963.tb15771.x

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Human Biology and Research in Body Composition

Stanley M. Garn

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Cited by 35 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Thus, we propose ALIs will add a cumulative measure that assesses multiple dimensions of health and well-being to ongoing research on human variation in response to ecological and sociocultural stressors. For over half a century, biological anthropologists have conducted numerous natural experiments designed to explore how evolutionary, environmental, and sociocultural stressors influence human growth and development, health, reproductive function, cause of death, and life span (e.g., Baker, 1984;Baker, Hanna, & Baker, 1986;Bindon, Knight, Dressler, & Crews, 1997;Damon, 1974;Garn, 1963;Goodman & Leatherman, 1998;James, Crews, & Pearson, 1989;Lasker, 1952;Little & Haas, 1989;Roberts, 1960;Ulijaszek & Huss-Ashmore, 1997;Washburn, 1951). Such natural experiments, now commonly known as human adaptability studies (Little, 2010), revealed extensive phenotypic variation both within and across human populations.…”

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confidence: 99%

Allostatic load and biological anthropology

Edes

Crews

2017

American J Phys Anthropol

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Multiple stressors affect developing and adult organisms, thereby partly structuring their phenotypes. Determining how stressors influence health, well-being, and longevity in human and nonhuman primate populations are major foci within biological anthropology. Although much effort has been devoted to examining responses to multiple environmental and sociocultural stressors, no holistic metric to measure stress-related physiological dysfunction has been widely applied within biological anthropology. Researchers from disciplines outside anthropology are using allostatic load indices (ALIs) to estimate such dysregulation and examine life-long outcomes of stressor exposures, including morbidity and mortality. Following allostasis theory, allostatic load represents accumulated physiological and somatic damage secondary to stressors and senescent processes experienced over the lifespan. ALIs estimate this wear-and-tear using a composite of biomarkers representing neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, metabolic, and immune systems. Across samples, ALIs are associated significantly with multiple individual characteristics (e.g., age, sex, education, DNA variation) of interest within biological anthropology. They also predict future outcomes, including aspects of life history variation (e.g., survival, lifespan), mental and physical health, morbidity and mortality, and likely health disparities between groups, by stressor exposures, ethnicity, occupations, and degree of departure from local indigenous life ways and integration into external and commodified ones. ALIs also may be applied to similar stress-related research areas among nonhuman primates. Given the reports from multiple research endeavors, here we propose ALIs may be useful for assessing stressors, stress responses, and stress-related dysfunction, current and long-term cognitive function, health and well-being, and risk of early mortality across many research programs within biological anthropology. K E Y W O R D Saging, allostasis, frailty, growth and development, nonhuman primates, senescence, stress | I N T R O D U C T I O NTraditional research foci within biological anthropology include variations in stress, morbidity, and mortality (for reviews, see Ice & James, 2007;Little, 2010). Despite this long-term focus, the field continues to pursue a reliable, relatively easy to apply metric for assessing lifetime stress and stress-related outcomes. We suggest incorporating the theory of allostasis and methods for assessing allostatic load within anthropological theory and methodology to aid in closing this gap. As a theory, allostasis was developed to explain how mammalian physiological responses to stressors in their environments evolved to maximize the probability of survival while limiting somatic damage (Korte, Koolhaas, Wingfield, & McEwen, 2005;McEwen & Stellar, 1993;McEwen & Wingfield, 2003;Sterling, 2004Sterling, , 2012Sterling & Eyer, 1988). Unfortunately, such beneficial defensive responses come at a cost and, over time, repeated allostatic activi...

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confidence: 99%

Allostatic load and biological anthropology

Edes

Crews

2017

American J Phys Anthropol

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Genes play an important role in bone aging

Livshits

Karasik

Otremski³

et al. 1998

Am. J. Hum. Biol.

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Evidence of major gene control of cortical bone loss in humans

et al. 2000

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Cortical index (CI) is the ratio of the combined cortical thickness to the total diameter of the bone. It serves for the assessment of the geometric properties of bone and for indirect evaluation of bone mass. CI is a useful predictor of osteoporosis. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis of major gene control of CI variation in a large sample of pedigrees from Chuvashia, Russia. Complex segregation analysis revealed that the major gene model of CI inheritance is the best fitting and most parsimonious for the present data. Parameters of the genotype‐gender specific dependence of CI variation on age were estimated simultaneously with other parameters in the segregation analysis. The results of analysis showed that not only the baseline level of CI but also the age at onset of the involutive bone changes (inflection point) and the rate of the CI decrease with age (slope coefficient) are under control of the same major gene. Non‐major gene effects shared by pedigree members (residual familial correlations) were found to be statistically insignificant. Approximately 73% of inter‐individual variation in CI was attributable to the effects explicitly included in the model. Genet. Epidemiol. 19:410–421, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Human Biology and Research in Body Composition

Cited by 35 publications

References 28 publications

Allostatic load and biological anthropology

Allostatic load and biological anthropology

Genes play an important role in bone aging

Evidence of major gene control of cortical bone loss in humans

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