Human blood groups: Their inheritance and racial significance

Abstract

291 the congresses, all the fictions, all the subtleties will not hinder continued evolution toward a decreasing number of nations, and the realization of the universal state. The formulae of international law, pacific and humanitarian conferences serve mostly to reassure the victims of the future, to put them to sleep in the hope of security,while the master nations grow. The opponents of militarism and the protagonists of arbitration are not wrong, but they deceive themselves. Mass attracts mass, and the small nations by force of nature become the clients and satellites of the large nations. The struggle of the great nations is ordained by nature."z0 Like many prophets of doom, Lapouge found little enjoyment in lifting the veil that benevolently clouds the future to the ordinary mortal. "One shudders to think of the human hecatombs that the future has in store. The battle between the pretenders for world domination will be long, and of necessity no mercy will be shown."21 "It is hard to predict when and to whose benefit the world empire will be realized. To my mind it will scarcely take more than two or three centuries. The precipitation of events is accelerating. I also believe that the Unitkd States will be called to victory. In thc reverse case, the universe will be Russian."n Lapouge had quite a realistic appreciation of the socialism of the future in general, and of the Russian socialism in particular. It

Exceeding Hrdlička's aims: 100 Years of genetics in anthropology

“…He also mapped peoples around the globe on the basis of their ABO gene frequencies, noting that where he put the boundaries geographically was purely arbitrary, “merely for the sake of convenience in dealing with the data. The first necessary step in considering the blood group data is to arrange it in some sort of logical order” (Snyder, , p. 244). In sum, Snyder's ideas influenced a lot of people that, blood groups were important to those who were interested in human heredity, origins and the evolutionary process.…”

Blood types of the native Americans of Oklahoma

“…Although this study found several differences in gene frequencies of red cell antigens between the eastern and Oklahoma Cherokees, the two groups are quite similar. Table 6 compares the gene frequencies for each blood group system studied in this project to the Snyder (1926) and Pollitzer et al (1962) studies. Since the majority of the tribe was moved to Oklahoma, the small number of Cherokees that remained in North Carolina, a relatively inbred population, may not be truly representative of the Cherokee people.…”

“…Their descendants live on the Qualla reservation in western North Carolina. The blood types of these eastern Cherokee were studied by Snyder (1926), Pollitzer et al (19621, and Spees et al (1975). However, since these are descendants of a small portion of the tribe, they may not be truly representative of the tribe as a whole.…”

Where the trailing edge of anthropology meets the leading edge of bioethics

“…For example, the ABO blood group, which is now invoked as prima facie evidence supporting our inability to identify discrete large human groupings in genetic data, was used in the opposite way in the 1910s and 1920s, when discrete large genetic groupings were assumed to exist. Thus, Laurence Snyder (1926) could readily identify seven ABO races in the human species. And yet, because the ABO alleles vary within a fairly circumscribed range in human populations, some peoples have ABO frequencies similar to those of distant people, simply at random.…”