Human Body Composition

Forbes, Gilbert B.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4654-1

Cited by 326 publications

(174 citation statements)

References 340 publications

(488 reference statements)

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“…The putative reduction in BMR may be due to (1) loss of fat free mass; and (2) an age-related change in cellular metabolic activity. Cross sectional studies have repeatedly shown a fall in fat free mass of 3 ± 4 kgadecade in middle age (Forbes, 1987;Tzankoff & Norris, 1977). However, longitudinal studies of changes in BMR and body composition have shown a much smaller fall in fat free mass with age (Chumlea et al, 1998) as shown in Table 5.…”

Section: Longitudinal Studiesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Mechanisms of changes in basal metabolism during ageing

Henry

2000

Eur J Clin Nutr

105

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A considerable number of physiological functions are known to show a gradual decline with increasing age. However, the effects of ageing differ widely between organ systems. It is believed that basal metabolic rate (BMR) falls dramatically with age. These observations, largely based on cross-sectional surveys, are discussed in light of our present understanding of the biology of ageing. This paper reviews both the longitudinal and crosssectional studies of BMR and presents evidence that the fall in BMR with ageing may be less dramatic than previously perceived. Indeed, some subjects may show an increase in BMR with ageing. The mechanism of changes in BMR during ageing will be discussed. Organ weight changes appear to have a profound impact on BMR. The use of BMR to predict total energy expenditure in the`old elderly' ( b 75 y) is unlikely to be of any practical use due to wide intra-and inter-individual variation in BMR. This wide intra-and inter-individual variation in BMR is due to illness, disease and other metabolic disorders seen in the elderly. Finally, the importance of measuring BMR in elderly populations for its use in clinical medicine will be discussed. Descriptors: aging; basal metabolic rate; body composition

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Section: Longitudinal Studiesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Mechanisms of changes in basal metabolism during ageing

Henry

2000

Eur J Clin Nutr

105

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“…For example, fat mass typically increases at a rate of 0.4 kg per year (30) until age 60 years, very similar to that observed here in both groups. Although lean mass is generally assumed to decline with age, this becomes most apparent after age 60 years (31), eventually attaining a 1.5 kg per decade loss in old age (32). Therefore, in our study's participants, whose mean age was only 58 years, we found that lean mass did not decline.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Matched‐cohort study of body composition, physical function, and quality of life in men with idiopathic vertebral fracture

Macdonald

Evans

Davies

et al. 2011

Arthritis Care & Research

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Objective. To determine the effect of 6 years of routine management on body composition, physical functioning, and quality of life, and their interrelationships, in men with idiopathic vertebral fracture. Methods. Twenty men with idiopathic vertebral fracture (patients: mean ؎ SD age 58 ؎ 6 years) were age and height matched to 28 healthy controls with no known disease. The primary outcome was skeletal muscle mass (appendicular lean mass by dual x-ray absorptiometry) assessed at 2 visits (0 and 6 years). Physical functioning and quality of life domains were assessed by the Senior Fitness Test and Short Form 36 (SF-36) questionnaire at visit 2 only. Data were analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance, independent t-tests, and correlation. Results. At visit 1, appendicular lean mass was 9% lower in patients than controls. Although patients better maintained appendicular lean mass between visits (interaction P ‫؍‬ 0.016), at visit 2 appendicular lean mass remained 5% lower in patients than controls. Furthermore, patients' appendicular lean mass change was correlated with femoral neck bone density change (r ‫؍‬ 0.507, P ‫؍‬ 0.023). Physical function tests were 13-27% lower in patients compared with controls (P ‫؍‬ 0.056 to 0.003), as were SF-36 quality of life physical domains (13-26% lower; P ‫؍‬ 0.028 to <0.001). Conclusion. Despite an association between changes in muscle mass and bone density, routine management of men with idiopathic vertebral fracture does not address muscle loss. Combined with the observation of reduced physical functioning and quality of life, this study identifies novel targets for intervention in men with idiopathic vertebral fracture.

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“…This allows development of mechanistic models based on assumed TBK ratios for sex and potentially age (Forbes, 1987).…”

Section: Mechanisticmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…That is, the multiple regression formula suggests that the ratio of TBK to fat-free body mass is lower in older subjects compared to their younger counterparts. Second, even though mechanistic TBK models (ie assumed stable TBKaFFM ratio) for estimating fat-free body mass have been used for half a century (Forbes, 1987), the highly signi®cant (r 0.98) descriptive multiple regression model shown in the ®gure suggests that more than likely a descriptive model would give equally good or even more accurate fat-free body mass estimates. A likely explanation for these observations is a change with age in the proportion of organs and tissues that constitute fat-free body mass.…”

Section: Mechanisticmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anthropometry and methods of body composition measurement for research and field application in the elderly

Nuñez

Testolin

et al. 2000

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Evaluation of body composition is important in the study of human energy and protein metabolism as methods are available for quantifying energy stores and protein content at a single point in time; energy ± protein balance can be monitored over time; and dynamic measures of energy and protein metabolism can be referenced to body mass and related measurable components for between-individual comparisons. This review emphasizes the need for considering subject age when developing body composition component prediction models that are applied in elderly populations. An overview of body composition research is provided that emphasizes compartment and level de®nitions and interrelations. Two broad method categories, mechanistic and descriptive, are then critically examined in relation to their role in energy-protein metabolism and aging research. Our collective review indicates that all major body composition components are now measurable using one or more methods that are based on non age-dependent assumptions. We also found that some methods, particularly descriptive ®eld methods (eg anthropometry), may be based on age-sensitive assumptions and measurements and suggestions for future development of these methods are provided. Lastly, as body composition differences between races, cultures, and countries are now recognized, it would be useful to create international cooperative groups with the aim of developing widely applicable descriptive ®eld methods based on simple available techniques such as anthropometry and bioimpedance analysis. Science is fundamentally an exercise in measurement.' Dr Harold Varmus, NIH Director, 1999. OverviewEvaluation of human body composition relates to the topic of this workshop in two respects: methods are available for quantifying energy stores and protein content at a single point in time and energy ± protein balance can be monitored over time; and dynamic measures of energy and protein metabolism can be referenced to body mass and related measurable components for between-individual comparisons. The speci®c aim of this review is to emphasize the need for considering subject age when developing body composition component prediction models that are applied in elderly populations.

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Human Body Composition

Cited by 326 publications

References 340 publications

Mechanisms of changes in basal metabolism during ageing

Mechanisms of changes in basal metabolism during ageing

Matched‐cohort study of body composition, physical function, and quality of life in men with idiopathic vertebral fracture

Anthropometry and methods of body composition measurement for research and field application in the elderly

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