Human Breast Milk: Exploring the Linking Ring Among Emerging Components

Bardanzellu, Flaminia; Fanos, Vassilios; Strigini, Francesca Anna Letizia; Artini, Paolo Giovanni; Peroni, Diego

doi:10.3389/fped.2018.00215

Cited by 32 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 124 publications

(186 reference statements)

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“…Furthermore, thanks to this information, it could be possible to modulate infant microbiota, from a protective point of view—especially in preterm neonates, in which the overall immaturity of the organs make them more prone to infections and other diseases, such as NEC and bronchopulmonary dysplasia [25]. In the next five years, this class of nutrient could be the main actor of the tailored nutrition and care of the newborn [26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolomics of Breast Milk: The Importance of Phenotypes

et al. 2018

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Breast milk is the gold standard of nutrition for newborns. Its composition is tailored to the nutritional needs of the infant and varies between mothers. In recent years, several bioactive molecules have been discovered in addition to the main nutrients, such as multipotent stem cells, hormones, immunoglobulins, and bacteria. Furthermore, the human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) seem to exert several important protective biological functions. According to the HMOs’ composition, breast milk can be classified as a secretory or non-secretory phenotype. In our study, we investigated the metabolome of milk collected from 58 mothers that delivered neonates at term, that were appropriate, small or large for gestational age, by performing nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). From the data analysis, two groups were distinguished based on their different types of oligosaccharides, and classified according the mother phenotype: secretory and non-secretory. This information is of major importance given the different biological function of the different HMOs, such as immune-modulation and protection against disease. This would allow us to predict whether the neonate would be, for instance, more prone to developing certain diseases, and to tailor her or his nutrition to fit their needs perfectly and pave the way to a personalized nutrition.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolomics of Breast Milk: The Importance of Phenotypes

et al. 2018

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“…Besides bacteria, their metabolites (e.g., butyrate and other short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), peptides, oligosaccharides) may also naturally pass into human milk, and this can be detected through metabolomics research using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy [ 63 , 64 ]. Most recently these metabolites have gained more research attention that is focused on their possible role in shaping the growth and development of the infant.…”

Section: Oligosaccharides Bacteria and Microbial Metabolites In mentioning

confidence: 99%

Infant Formula Supplemented with Biotics: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives

et al. 2020

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Breastfeeding is natural and the optimal basis of infant nutrition and development, with many benefits for maternal health. Human milk is a dynamic fluid fulfilling an infant’s specific nutritional requirements and guiding the growth, developmental, and physiological processes of the infant. Human milk is considered unique in composition, and it is influenced by several factors, such as maternal diet and health, body composition, and geographic region. Human milk stands as a model for infant formula providing nutritional solutions for infants not able to receive enough mother’s milk. Infant formulas aim to mimic the composition and functionality of human milk by providing ingredients reflecting those of the latest human milk insights, such as oligosaccharides, bacteria, and bacterial metabolites. The objective of this narrative review is to discuss the most recent developments in infant formula with a special focus on human milk oligosaccharides and postbiotics.

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“…The most influential maternal characteristic impacting HMO composition is the expression patterns of Secretor (Se) and Lewis (Le) gene alleles, which code for different fucosyltransferases. Fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2) is the "secretor" enzyme that transfers fucose residues in α1,2 linkages and fucosyltransferase 3 (FUT3) is the "Lewis" enzyme that transfers fucose residues predominantly as α1,3/4 linkages, leading to different patterns of fucosylated HMOs based on gene expression [8]. Several studies have shown that various environmental factors (geographical location, season of delivery, and maternal diet) [9,10] and maternal characteristics (age, ethnicity, parity, and mode of delivery) [10,11], including pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), can also alter HMO composition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Third-Trimester Glucose Homeostasis in Healthy Women Is Differentially Associated with Human Milk Oligosaccharide Composition at 2 Months Postpartum by Secretor Phenotype

et al. 2020

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Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are bioactive molecules in human milk that play a critical role in infant health. Obesity and associated metabolic aberrations can negatively impact lactation and alter milk composition. Here, the relationship between maternal glucose homeostasis and HMO composition from 136 healthy women was examined. Maternal glucose homeostasis (fasting plasma glucose and insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, and insulin sensitivity index) was evaluated at 30 weeks of gestation in healthy women (body mass index = 18.5–35 kg/m2). Human milk samples were collected at two months postpartum. HMO concentrations were measured via high performance liquid chromatography. Women were categorized into “secretor” and “non-secretor” groups based on 2′-Fucosyllactose concentrations (<100 nmol/mL, non-secretor). Pearson’s correlation analysis and linear models were used to assess the relationships between maternal glucose homeostasis and HMO concentrations. In non-secretors, third trimester fasting plasma glucose and insulin were negatively associated with total HMO-bound sialic acid and concentrations of the sialylated HMOs 3′-sialyllactose and disialylacto-N-tetraose. In secretors, difucosyllactose and lacto-N-fucopentaose-II concentrations increased and sialyllacto-N-tetraose c and sialyllacto-N-tetraose b decreased as insulin sensitivity increased. This study is the first to demonstrate a relationship between obesity-associated maternal factors and HMO composition in both secretor and non-secretor populations.

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Human Breast Milk: Exploring the Linking Ring Among Emerging Components

Cited by 32 publications

References 124 publications

Metabolomics of Breast Milk: The Importance of Phenotypes

Metabolomics of Breast Milk: The Importance of Phenotypes

Infant Formula Supplemented with Biotics: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives

Third-Trimester Glucose Homeostasis in Healthy Women Is Differentially Associated with Human Milk Oligosaccharide Composition at 2 Months Postpartum by Secretor Phenotype

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