Human capital and the role of networks : migration, inclusion and new qualification for a sustainable regional economy

Bridging the Gap Transnationally—Coupling Migrants' Informal and Formal Business Activities Through Hybrid Business Models

“…Studies shed light on the relevance of this phenomenon at different levels to grasp the evolution of transnationalism in entrepreneurship from all perspectives. For instance, grounded in the mixed embeddedness concept (Kloosterman, van der Leun, and Rath 1999) as an additional resource of capital forms (Bourdieu 1986), scholars argue that TMEs impact regional innovation systems through, for example, higher competitiveness (Kloosterman and Rath 2018; David 2015; Schmiz 2011). Solano et al (2022, 7) introduce the concept of multifocality of migrant entrepreneurs and argue that “[…] migrant entrepreneurs take into account, and have business connections, with multiple places and multiple groups when it comes to pursuing business opportunities.” In so doing, the authors go beyond the focus of duality and embeddedness referring to the CoR and CoO but “[…] shed light on entrepreneurial opportunities created by other places (e.g., third countries) or groups” (Solano, Schutjens, and Rath 2022, 17).…”

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“…There is a broad strand of literature discussing the Polish return migration (Klagge and Klein-Hitpaß 2010: 1632-1651Coniglio and Brzozowski 2018: 85-105;David 2015). Often the literature spotlights the positive effects of return migration on the domestic countries, which at this time mainly focusses on the regional and economic dimensions.…”

“…Additionally, re-integration into the structures of the domestic country plays a role. David (2015) claims that primary return migration of highly skilled workers can be profitable for regions, especially when ex-emigré highly skilled workers return to the domestic region, sharing new knowledge and newly acquired skills. Highly skilled workers who leave their native country and become part of the foreign society acquire numerous skills during their stay abroad.…”

“…and the media reported, it appeared that a specific population in Britain was concerned about the impact of immigrants on the labour market, especially wages and the British quality of life. The results of the referendum shocked the EU since immigration -even if it challenges several European member states and their systems -can be regarded, to some extent, as an opportunity for the European labour markets (European Commission N.d.) and demographic development and, at the same time, can be a driving force for regional economies (David 2015;David et al 2012: 25-35;Ther 2017).…”