“…Earlier analyses conducted by Alfred Marshall, Adam Smith, and Milton Friedman, which focused on the economic contributions of education and other training, were combined into the discourse of productiveness (Becker, 1992). Arguably, the major actor driving this line of research was Gary Becker, who argued that the economic effects of education were significant (Gilead, 2009). In 1964, Becker introduced human capital theory, which contends that individuals consider the advantages and costs when they think about their education, training, and other types of knowledge acquisition.…”