Human cerebral blood flow during sleep and waking.

Townsend, Richard E; Prinz, Patricia N.; Obrist, Walter D.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1973.35.5.620

Cited by 176 publications

(67 citation statements)

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“…The preferential distribution of blood flow to the thalamushypothalamus and brainstem during active sleep was seen at both ages, even in animals that had a lower total brain blood flow in active sleep than in wakefulness. Our results in piglets are similar to those of others in adult animals (3)(4)(5). Indeed, in their investigation of cats, Reivich et al (3) found a preferential distribution of blood flow to the thalamus and some regions of the brainstem in active sleep as compared with wakefulness.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Risberg et al (20), for example, found a positive correlation between the frequency of rapid eye movements (characteristic of the phasic stage) and the changes in cerebral blood volume (estimate of cerebral blood flow) in adult humans; they also found that cerebral blood volume was either unchanged or lower in tonic active sleep than in the wakeful state. As well, Townsend et al (5) found a positive correlation between cerebral blood flow and eye movement density.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…For example, Mancia et al (2), using flow probes placed around several vessels in adult cats, have shown a redistribution of cardiac output in active sleep accompanied by vasodilatation in skin and mesenteric and renal vascular beds, and vasoconstriction in the skeletal muscular vascular bed (2). Other investigators have noted increases in brain blood flow during active sleep as compared with wakefulness and quiet sleep in both humans and animals (3)(4)(5).…”

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Effect of Sleep on Regional Blood Flow Distribution in Piglets

Côté

Haddad

1990

Pediatr Res

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ABSTRACT. The regional distribution of blood flow to the brain and to other major organs was studied during wakefulness and sleep in growing piglets. A young group was studied at 6.8 f 1.3 d of age and an older group at 33.5 f 5.5 d. Two d before the experiments, we instrumented the animals for measurement of blood flow by the microsphere technique. We determined sleep state using EEG and behavioral criteria. Although we did not find significant differences in blood gas tensions and cardiac output with changes in behavioral states, we did note a number of important changes in brain and muscle blood flow with sleep. 1 ) Although total brain blood flow changed little between wakefulness and sleep at both ages, regional differences existed. Indeed, at both ages, during rapid eye movement sleep (active sleep), blood flow to the thalamushypothalamus and brainstem was significantly higher than during wakefulness (p < 0.025); in older piglets, blood flow to these two regions was significantly lower in quiet sleep than in wakefulness (p < 0.05). 2) Blood flow to most skeletal muscle groups, and particularly to the diaphragm, was lower during sleep than during wakefulness. 3) Age did not have a significant effect on the regional distribution of blood flow during sleep. We conclude that behavioral states influence the regional distribution of blood flow in early life, but not in an age-dependent fashion. We speculate that, because no difference was observed in other hernodynamic variables, the regional changes in organ blood flow with sleep most probably reflect the differences in local metabolic needs. (Pediatr Res 28: 218-222, 1990) Behavioral states are known to influence cardiovascular function in a major way in both animals and humans (1). For example, there is a decrease in heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output when passing from wakefulness to quiet sleep; further decreases in blood pressure and heart rate also occur during tonic rapid eye movement sleep (or active sleep) and marked heart rate variability and blood pressure fluctuations characterize the phasic active sleep period (1). Behavioral states are also known to influence the distribution of cardiac output. have noted increases in brain blood flow during active sleep as compared with wakefulness and quiet sleep in both humans and animals (3-5).Although the influence of behavioral states on heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output has been studied, there is, to our knowledge, virtually no information about the influence of behavioral states on regional distribution of blood flow in early life (6, 7). We therefore asked I) how the various states of consciousness affect organ blood flow in the young and, more specifically, 2) how blood flow within the different organ regions (for example within the brain) varies from one behavioral state to another. We accordingly performed experiments in young and older piglets, studying blood flows to organ subregions in three separate states: active sleep, quiet sleep, and wakefulness. Piglets were chosen b...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 79%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Sleep on Regional Blood Flow Distribution in Piglets

Côté

Haddad

1990

Pediatr Res

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“…Detailed reviews cover these data and summarize their results (Madsen and Vorstrup 1991;Franzini 1992). Brie¯y, these data show that CBF in REMS is systematically higher than in SWS (Goas et al 1969;Lecas and Bloch 1969;Tachibana 1969;Seylaz et al 1975;Dufour and Court 1977;Milligan 1979;Mukhtar et al 1982;Richardson et al 1985Richardson et al , 1994Lenzi et al 1987;Meyer et al 1987;Parisi et al 1988;Abrams et al 1990;Zoccoli et al 1993Zoccoli et al , 1994Gerashchenko and Matsumura 1996), similar or slightly elevated as compared to W (Kanzow et al 1962;Reivich et al 1968;Townsend et al 1973;Shapiro and Rosendor 1975;Sakai et al 1980;Santiago et al 1984;Lenzi et al 1986Lenzi et al , 1987Parisi et al 1988;Cote and Haddad 1990;Madsen et al 1991a). Various results are observed during SWS: compared with W, decreases (Townsend et al 1973;Sakai et al 1980;Greisen et al 1985;Meyer et al 1987;Madsen et al 1991a, b;Gerashchenko and Matsumura 1996), increases (Reivich et al 1968;Goas et al 1969;Seylaz et al 1975;Shapiro and Rosendor 1975) or no change in...…”

Section: Application Of Spm In Sleepmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional neuroimaging of normal human sleep by positron emission tomography

Maquet

2000

Journal of Sleep Research

566

312

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Functional neuroimaging using positron emission tomography has recently yielded original data on the functional neuroanatomy of human sleep. This paper attempts to describe the possibilities and limitations of the technique and clarify its usefulness in sleep research. A short overview of the methods of acquisition and statistical analysis (statistical parametric mapping, SPM) is presented before the results of PET sleep studies are reviewed. The discussion attempts to integrate the functional neuroimaging data into the body of knowledge already acquired on sleep in animals and humans using various other techniques (intracellular recordings, in situ neurophysiology, lesional and pharmacological trials, scalp EEG recordings, behavioural or psychological description). The published PET data describe a very reproducible functional neuroanatomy in sleep. The core characteristics of this ‘canonical’ sleep may be summarized as follows. In slow‐wave sleep, most deactivated areas are located in the dorsal pons and mesencephalon, cerebellum, thalami, basal ganglia, basal forebrain/hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, precuneus and in the mesial aspect of the temporal lobe. During rapid‐eye movement sleep, significant activations were found in the pontine tegmentum, thalamic nuclei, limbic areas (amygdaloid complexes, hippocampal formation, anterior cingulate cortex) and in the posterior cortices (temporo‐occipital areas). In contrast, the dorso‐lateral prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, as well as the posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus, were the least active brain regions. These preliminary studies open up a whole field in sleep research. More detailed explorations of sleep in humans are now accessible to experimental challenges using PET and other neuroimaging techniques. These new methods will contribute to a better understanding of sleep functions.

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“…Unfortunately, these early studies were not continued though the remainder of the sleep period, and quantification of brain glucose metabolism was not included. Subsequently, a number of investigations have quantitated cerebral blood flow (14)(15)(16), oxygen metabolism ( 1 7), or glucose metabolism (18)(19)(20)(21) immediately before the onset of sleep and generally once more during the night. None of these investigations included serial, simultaneous measurements of whole brain blood flow with oxygen and glucose metabolism to evaluate any direct effect that duration of sleep might have on these parameters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diminished brain glucose metabolism is a significant determinant for falling rates of systemic glucose utilization during sleep in normal humans.

Boyle¹,

Scott²,

Krentz³

et al. 1994

J. Clin. Invest.

173

140

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Systemic glucose utilization declines during sleep in man. We tested the hypothesis that this decline in utilization is largely accounted for by reduced brain glucose metabolism. 10 normal subjects underwent internal jugular and radial artery cannulation to determine cerebral blood flow by N20 equilibrium technique and to quantitate cross-brain glucose and oxygen differences before and every 3 h during sleep. Sleep stage was graded by continuous electroencephalogram, and systemic glucose turnover was estimated by isotope dilution. Brain glucose metabolism fell from 33.6±2.2 ,gmol/100 g per min (mean±SE) before sleep (2300 h) to a mean nadir of 24.3±1.1 gmol/100 g per min at 0300 h during sleep (P = 0.001). Corresponding rates of systemic glucose utilization fell from 13.2±0.8 to 11.0±0.5 gmol/ kg per min (P = 0.003). Diminished brain glucose metabolism was the product of a reduced arteriovenous glucose difference, 0.643±0.024 to 0.546±0.020 mmol/liter (P = 0.002), and cerebral blood flow, 50.3±2.8 to 44.6±1.4 cc/ 100 g per min (P = 0.021). Brain oxygen metabolism fell commensurately from 153.4±11.8 to 128.0±8.4 Mmol/100 g per min (P = 0.045). The observed reduction in brain metabolism occurred independent of stage of central nervous system electrical activity (electroencephalographic data), and was more closely linked to duration of sleep. We conclude that a decline in brain glucose metabolism is a significant determinant of falling rates of systemic glucose utilization during sleep. (J. Clin. Invest. 1994. 93:529-535.) Key words: brain * glucose metabolism * oxygen metabolism , sleep * electroencephalogram

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Human cerebral blood flow during sleep and waking.

Cited by 176 publications

References 0 publications

Effect of Sleep on Regional Blood Flow Distribution in Piglets

Effect of Sleep on Regional Blood Flow Distribution in Piglets

Functional neuroimaging of normal human sleep by positron emission tomography

Diminished brain glucose metabolism is a significant determinant for falling rates of systemic glucose utilization during sleep in normal humans.

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