Human clinical trial to assess the effect of consumption of multigrain Indian bread on glycemic regulation in type 2 diabetic participants

Abstract

The efficacy of multigrain flatbread in regulating the lipid profile and carbohydrate homeostasis among type 2 diabetic patients was studied in 100 type 2 diabetic participants. The results revealed that the anthropometric parameters remained unaltered in both test and control groups. The fasting blood glucose levels (140.70 ± 8.43 versus 132.89 ± 5.63 mg/dl) did not significantly decrease. In contrast, the insulin levels (12.96 ± 1.06 versus 10.83 ± 1.03 μIU/ml) and HbA1c levels (8.01 ± 0.27 versus 7.40 ± 0.21%) in the test group decreased significantly, and it was associated with a decrease in insulin resistance. The LDL levels in the test group decreased after the intervention (116.0 ± 5.67 versus 98.7 ± 5.68 mg/dl), while triglycerides and VLDL increased significantly and HDL levels remained unaltered. A significant decrease in average blood pressure (systolic/diastolic) was noticed among the test group participants. The human RBP4 and hs-CRP remained unaltered. Practical applications Millets are rich in fibers, has complex carbohydrate, protein, and is lower in fat content. Millets provide a wide range of nutrients, phytochemicals, and are gluten-free with low glycemic nature. Their intake can reduce factors such as insulin resistance and oxidative stress responsible for the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Our study indicated the use of multigrain flatbreads prepared from millets helped reduce serum insulin, LDL cholesterol, HbA1c levels, and incidentally blood pressure levels with a significant increase in insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes participants. The results suggest using the multigrain flatbread meal as a food supplement or meal replacer in diabetic participants in terms of glucose control and insulin sensitivity. K E Y W O R D S blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, multigrain roti, type 2 diabetes How to cite this article: Sobhana PP, Kandlakunta B, Nagaraju R, et al. Human clinical trial to assess the effect of consumption of multigrain Indian bread on glycemic regulation in type 2 diabetic participants.

Can Millet Consumption Help Manage Hyperlipidemia and Obesity?: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Another study on finger millet consumption for 12 weeks (18) showed a significant reduction in IL-6 (from 4.9 ± 0.7 to 1.60 ± 0.5 mmol/l) (p = 0.000) and TNF-α (from 7.8 ± 1.2 to 3.9 ± 0.6 mmol/l) (p = 0.016). However, Sobhana et al (22) demonstrated that consumption of a millet-based diet for 3 months did not significantly reduce hs-CRP (from 0.45 ± 0.078 to 0.43 ± 0.064 µg/ml), which is not a significant reduction. More long-term studies are recommended to examine this effect.…”

“…Finger millet, foxtail millet, barnyard millet, and/or a mixture of millets (finger millet and little millet) were used in the 19 studies (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36) that were included in one or more outcomes of meta-analysis. It was observed that consumption of milletbased food for a duration varying from 21 days to 4 months had a significant reducing effect on TC, triacylglycerol, VLDL-C, and/or LDL-C levels.…”

“…Diastolic hypertension is common in individuals with components of the metabolic syndrome such as diabetes and hyperlipidemia, and diastolic blood pressure is the best predictor for future risk of CVD (44,45). Five studies (18,21,22,26,28) showed that the average diastolic blood pressure in 320 subjects was slightly higher (86.9 ± 1.8 mmHg) than normal (<80 mmHg) at the beginning of the intervention, which was later decreased by 5% (from 86.9 ± 1.8 to 82.7 ± 1.3 mmHg), along with a decrease in lipids, after consuming a millet-based diet for 3 months compared with a regular rice/wheat-based diet. This suggests that consumption of a millet-based diet and diversification of staples with millet will help in reducing the risk of hypertension and associated CVD.…”

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Potential of Millets for Managing and Reducing the Risk of Developing Diabetes Mellitus

“…Especially in pre-diabetic subjects, HbA1c levels fell to the normal reference level (from 6.65 ± 0.4 to 5.67 ± 0.4%) (12). The reduction is attributed to the high fibre content and low glycaemic index of the millet-based diet (11) which reduces the availability of glucose to form HbA1c and thereby regulates the HbA1c glycation process. It is evident that a millet-based diet has a positive effect on managing diabetes.…”

“…Many studies have demonstrated the efficacy of millets in improving glycaemic control, decreasing fasting, and postprandial rise in blood glucose concentration (7,8), reducing insulin index and insulin resistance and lessening glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level (8)(9)(10)(11)(12). Glycaemic index (GI) is a measure of how much the carbohydrate present in the food affects the rate and extent of change in post-prandial blood glucose concentration.…”