“… Figure 4 Carbon (δ 13 C) and nitrogen (δ 15 N) stable isotope signatures and C/N ratio in the sediment cores (A) Vertical profiles of δ 13 C, δ 15 N and C/N in sediment cores. (B) Comparison of δ 13 C and δ 15 N values found in the Gaoqiao area and other mangrove sites: Cochin estuary, India; 20 , 23 Todos os Santos Bay and Itapessoca estuarine, Brazil; 16 , 17 Qinglan Bay, China; 24 Bintuni Bay, Indonesia. 25 Data are reported as average ± SD.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… (B) Comparison of δ 13 C and δ 15 N values found in the Gaoqiao area and other mangrove sites: Cochin estuary, India; 20 , 23 Todos os Santos Bay and Itapessoca estuarine, Brazil; 16 , 17 Qinglan Bay, China; 24 Bintuni Bay, Indonesia. 25 Data are reported as average ± SD.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… 13 , 14 However, the impact of eutrophication on organic C accumulation is still unclear. Nutrient enrichment has been suggested in some regions to increase the deposition of phytoplankton and benthic microalgae, 15 as well as stimulate microbial respiration and mineralization of OM, 16 which reduced the ability of local mangrove communities to retain organic C. 17 But for nutrient-limited mangrove ecosystems, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) inputs are essential to promote sediment C inputs by stimulating plant growth. 18 Eutrophication not only changes the dynamics of organic C by affecting plant biomass and microbial processes, but also drives the marsh loss due to the reduction of geomorphic stability.…”
“… Figure 4 Carbon (δ 13 C) and nitrogen (δ 15 N) stable isotope signatures and C/N ratio in the sediment cores (A) Vertical profiles of δ 13 C, δ 15 N and C/N in sediment cores. (B) Comparison of δ 13 C and δ 15 N values found in the Gaoqiao area and other mangrove sites: Cochin estuary, India; 20 , 23 Todos os Santos Bay and Itapessoca estuarine, Brazil; 16 , 17 Qinglan Bay, China; 24 Bintuni Bay, Indonesia. 25 Data are reported as average ± SD.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… (B) Comparison of δ 13 C and δ 15 N values found in the Gaoqiao area and other mangrove sites: Cochin estuary, India; 20 , 23 Todos os Santos Bay and Itapessoca estuarine, Brazil; 16 , 17 Qinglan Bay, China; 24 Bintuni Bay, Indonesia. 25 Data are reported as average ± SD.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… 13 , 14 However, the impact of eutrophication on organic C accumulation is still unclear. Nutrient enrichment has been suggested in some regions to increase the deposition of phytoplankton and benthic microalgae, 15 as well as stimulate microbial respiration and mineralization of OM, 16 which reduced the ability of local mangrove communities to retain organic C. 17 But for nutrient-limited mangrove ecosystems, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) inputs are essential to promote sediment C inputs by stimulating plant growth. 18 Eutrophication not only changes the dynamics of organic C by affecting plant biomass and microbial processes, but also drives the marsh loss due to the reduction of geomorphic stability.…”
“…Nitrogen is associated with deforestation processes and the removal of previous soils when shrimp ponds were built. The decrease of OM in shrimp ponds and mangroves receiving shrimp effluents has been described for Brazil [14], Saudi Arabia [88] and southern Ecuador [89], and the increase of carbon in mangroves by shrimp effluents has been described in China [90]; changes in the composition of mangrove sediments receiving shrimp farm effluents decrease the diversity of the bacterial microbiome [91].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Multiple studies describe the cumulative effects of the transformation and fragmentation of mangroves on shrimp infrastructure [13,14]. Shrimp farming involves the loss of ecological and socioeconomic functions of mangrove ecosystems, including changes Appl.…”
The environmental quality of mangroves is influenced by multiple factors, among which shrimp aquaculture currently plays a major role. This study describes the alterations of natural conditions of mangrove systems that house shrimp farms in the northern Ecuadorean coast. Water, sediment quality and the structure of benthic assemblages of four sectors with different proportions of mangroves and shrimp ponds are described. The samples were collected at the confluence of mangrove drainages or tidal creeks, as well as in the modified drainages for shrimp farm infrastructures towards navigable channels, during the dry and rainy seasons. Shrimp farm drainage water had a 17% higher dissolved oxygen concentration and 2.5 times higher total ammonium and phosphorus compared to mangrove drainage water. The sediment in the latter decreased their total organic matter and nitrogen content by 44% and 53%, respectively, slightly increasing the pH level and increasing the ammonium content by 93%. Furthermore, the redox profiles were different between the types of drainages. The soft-bottom benthic assemblages involved 56 species in the study area and exhibited a variety of sectoral structures, with better indicators of ecological status in sectors with fewer shrimp farms. Finally, improvements are suggested for monitoring the environmental quality of shrimp farms in Ecuadorean mangrove systems.
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