Human Dorsal Striatum Encodes Prediction Errors during Observational Learning of Instrumental Actions

Cooper, Jeffrey C.; Dunne, Simon; Furey, Teresa; O’Doherty, John P.

doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00114

Cited by 88 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…For instance, observing that others receive painful shocks following a visual stimulus can lead to conditioned fear responses and amygdala activation to this visual stimulus, even though participants never experienced the shocks themselves 71 . For positive values, several further studies also suggested that vicarious learning may follow computational principles that are similar to those for learning through personal experience [72][73][74][75] . For example, one recent study induced prediction errors at the outcome stage of altruistic choices by unexpectedly changing the outcome, either for the…”

Section: Vicarious Decision Makingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both types of outcome changes (participant or charity) led to reward-prediction errors in the ventral striatum 72 , thus demonstrating vicarious learning of outcome probabilities for another agent. Another study showed that the dorsal striatum encodes comparable reward prediction errors when participants make a choice and benefit from the rewards or when they simply observe another person's choices and outcomes 73 . These studies thus suggest that both experience-based and vicarious learning of anticipated values have the same neural substrate (which supports the common currency schema).…”

Section: Prisoner's Dilemma Gamementioning

confidence: 99%

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The neurobiology of rewards and values in social decision making

2014

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Of all the decisions in your life, which were the most important? Chances are high that many of them had a social component, be it when deciding about others (for example, whether to marry someone), for others (for example, which school to send your child to) or jointly with others (for example, whether to buy a house with your partner). Pathological changes specifically in the social aspects of decision making are pervasive in many psychiatric 1 and neurological 2 disorders and can have devastating consequences for individual and collective welfare. A good understanding of the neural basis of social decision making is thus an important aim of scientists in many disciplines, from basic neuroscience to medicine, psychology and economics.The neural mechanisms underlying social and nonsocial types of choices have traditionally been examined from different theoretical angles. In studies of non-social choices (for example, purchasing decisions), researchers have often focused on neural value computations associated with the rewarding properties of the choice options 3,4 . On the basis of this research, several brain structures have been proposed as elements of a brain valuation system (BOX 1). The neural value signals in these structures are thought to represent a 'common currency' for assessing the motivational relevance of all possible stimuli or actions, which is essential for guiding decision making across varying contexts 5,6 . By contrast, researchers studying social decisions have traditionally paid less attention to motivational processes, such as reward and value coding; instead, they have focused on identifying neurocognitive processes that may have uniquely evolved to guide social behaviour 7 . This emphasis on 'social-specific cognition' has identified, for example, that different visual areas seem to be functionally specialized for the perception of faces or bodies 8 and that the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and the temporoparietal junction (TPJ) may be specifically involved in representing the intentions, emotions or actions of other people [9][10][11] . The idea of 'social-specific cognition' thus implies that the control of social and non-social behaviour should fundamentally differ in terms of neural architecture and information processing demands 12 . However, this view is challenged by recent findings that social decisions may also draw on value-related brain processes that strongly resemble those seen during non-social decisions. This apparent overlap in neural representations of motivational relevance for social and non-social choices is often taken to implicitly extend the 'common currency' idea to decisions based on social factors. This proposalthat choices in both social and non-social situations are steered by identical neural value computations -therefore questions whether the motivational control of social behaviour requires dedicated neural processes.In this Review, we propose a framework for studying the possible neurobiological links in the motivational control of social...

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Section: Vicarious Decision Makingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Prisoner's Dilemma Gamementioning

confidence: 99%

The neurobiology of rewards and values in social decision making

2014

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“…Changes in Striatum, Basal Ganglia, and Cerebellum. In neurotypical individuals, the key brain loci that have been implicated in prediction are basal ganglia (68,69), striatum (70,71), anterior cingulate (72), and cerebellum (73,74). If predictive abilities are affected in autism, then we would expect these regions of the brain to be especially implicated.…”

Section: Predictionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autism as a disorder of prediction

Sinha

Kjelgaard

Gandhi

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

479

414

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A rich collection of empirical findings accumulated over the past three decades attests to the diversity of traits that constitute the autism phenotypes. It is unclear whether subsets of these traits share any underlying causality. This lack of a cohesive conceptualization of the disorder has complicated the search for broadly effective therapies, diagnostic markers, and neural/genetic correlates. In this paper, we describe how theoretical considerations and a review of empirical data lead to the hypothesis that some salient aspects of the autism phenotype may be manifestations of an underlying impairment in predictive abilities. With compromised prediction skills, an individual with autism inhabits a seemingly "magical" world wherein events occur unexpectedly and without cause. Immersion in such a capricious environment can prove overwhelming and compromise one's ability to effectively interact with it. If validated, this hypothesis has the potential of providing unifying insights into multiple aspects of autism, with attendant benefits for improving diagnosis and therapy.probabilistic processing | endophenotype | Markov models | theory | heterogeneity

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“…Another problem addressed in literature that may or may not facilitate the disclosure of a diagnosis is the short time available for each consultation, which hinders the establishment of a closer relationship between the doctor and the family and consequently prevents doctors from meeting the family's demands (16) . Doctors must usually attend a high number of patients in a short period, which can prevent them from correctly preparing and filtering the information they must convey to patients and their families.…”

Section: [] the Doctor Said "This Child Has Autism" And Did Not Exmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autismo infantil: impacto do diagnóstico e repercussões nas relações familiares

Pinto

Torquato

Collet

et al. 2016

Rev. Gaúcha Enferm.

157

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Objective: To analyse the context in which the diagnosis of autism is revealed and the impact of this revelation on family relationships. Methods: This is a qualitative study with 10 families of autistic children assisted at the Psychosocial Care Centre for Children and Youths in a municipality of Paraíba. Data were collected between July and August 2013 through semi-structured interviews and interpreted using thematic content analysis. Results:The identified Main Unit of Analysis and the respective categories were: the impact of disclosing the diagnosis of autism to the family; characteristics of diagnosis disclosure: the place, time, and the dialogic relationship between the professional and the family; changes in family relationships and the mother's burden when caring for the autistic child. Conclusions:The health professionals who report autism should better prepare the family to cope with the difficulties of this syndrome and autonomously care for the autistic child.Keywords: Autistic disorder. Diagnosis. Family relations. RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o contexto da revelação do diagnóstico do autismo e o impacto deste nas relações familiares. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, realizado com 10 familiares de crianças autistas, assistidas no Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Infanto Juvenil em um município da Paraíba. A coleta ocorreu entre julho e agosto de 2013 por meio de entrevista semiestruturada cujos dados foram interpretados pela análise de conteúdo na modalidade temática.Resultados: Identificou-se uma Unidade Temática Central com respectivas categorias: o impacto da revelação do diagnóstico de autismo para a família; características da revelação do diagnóstico: o local, o tempo e a relação dialógica entre o profissional e a família; alteração nas relações familiares e a sobrecarga materna no cuidado à criança autista. Conclusões:Há necessidade do profissional de saúde que noticiará o autismo saber preparar melhor a família para enfrentar as dificuldades impostas pela síndrome e para conquistar a autonomia no cuidado ao autista. Palavras-chave: Transtorno autístico. Diagnóstico. Relações familiares. RESUMENObjetivo: Analizar contexto de revelación del diagnóstico de autismo y el impacto de esto en las relaciones familiares. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio cualitativo con 10 familiares de niños autistas que reciben asistencia en el Centro de Atención Psicosocial para Niños y Jóvenes en un municipio de Paraíba. Los datos fueron recolectados entre julio y agosto de 2013 a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas y los datos fueron interpretados por el análisis de contenido en la modalidad temática.Resultados: Se identificó una Unidad Temática Central con respectivas categorías: el impacto de revelar el diagnóstico de autismo para la familia; la divulgación de las características de diagnóstico: el lugar, la hora y la relación dialógica entre el profesional y la familia; cambios en las relaciones familiares y la sobrecarga ,manterna en el cuidado del niño autista.Conclusiones: Existe la necesid...

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Human Dorsal Striatum Encodes Prediction Errors during Observational Learning of Instrumental Actions

Cited by 88 publications

References 50 publications

The neurobiology of rewards and values in social decision making

The neurobiology of rewards and values in social decision making

Autism as a disorder of prediction

Autismo infantil: impacto do diagnóstico e repercussões nas relações familiares

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