Human Electromagnetic Field Exposure in 5G at 28 GHz

Kim, Seungmo; Nasim, Imtiaz

doi:10.1109/mce.2019.2956223

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The massive MIMO system can provide high beamforming gain to compensate for mm-Wave extrema signal attenuation, which is realized by high dimensional antenna array-based directional transmission [15]. However, as these advanced technologies are implemented, there is growing concern about the potential effects on health and safety from exposure to radiofrequency (RF-EMF) emitted by 5G base stations [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. People are concerned about EMF exposure because EMF exposure cannot be prevented or managed [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RF-EMF Exposure Measurement for 5G Over Mm-Wave Base Station With MIMO Antenna

et al. 2022

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The fifth-generation (5G) technology offers more capacity and data rates than the previous generations. It provides ultra-low latency and ultra-high dependability, allowing for efficient services in many industries. Using radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) above 6 GHz in 5G millimeter Wave(mm-Wave) base stations has concerned many people due to the potential health risks caused by EMF exposure. This study aims to measure the maximum exposure emitted by a 5G mm-Wave base station by utilizing international standards in both its assessment methodology and exposure limits. In this study, the R&S®TSMA6 scanner, R&S®ROMES4 software, and R&S®TSME30DC down converter have been used for the measurement campaign; in addition to the user equipment device (UE), GPS, and an omnidirectional antenna. The investigation is based on a code selective method due to the radiated power fluctuations over time with data traffic. To conduct the measurement, six tests are taken based on three different time frames, antenna directions, and user equipment device (UE) to investigate the RF-EMF exposure. The maximum and average exposure from the 5G mm-Wave base station are calculated and compared with the ICNIRP standard. The maximum exposure from the 29.5 GHz base station is found to be 5.71 V/m, and the highest amount of average exposure is 2.02V/m. In this study, it was found that the maximum and average exposure (RF-EMF) produced from a single 5G mm-Wave base station are well within the allowed RF-EMF standard limit.INDEX TERMS 5G mm-Wave BS, massive MIMO, radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF), measurement.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RF-EMF Exposure Measurement for 5G Over Mm-Wave Base Station With MIMO Antenna

et al. 2022

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“…The measurement and characterization effort of EMF exposure from radio frequency (RF) devices started in the early 1990's, where the first version of ICNIRP guideline for the exposure limit to the electric, magnetic and electromagnetic field was provided in [20]. Such a guideline has served as a basis in many EMF studies, including the works in [11]- [15], [17]. The work in [11] provided a thorough discussion related to the issues and challenges in the EMF measurements of 5G networks.…”

Section: A Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The work in [16] presented an extensive systemlevel simulation to obtain the compliance boundary of massive MIMO BSs. A comparison of human exposure in terms of SAR and PD under different wireless technologies was performed in [17]. Recently, the effect of massive MIMO on the EMF exposure has been further studied in [18], where the authors revealed that the pencil beamforming could be beneficial for network throughput and reduce the EMF level.…”

Section: A Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stochastic Geometry Analysis of Electromagnetic Field Exposure in Coexisting Sub-6 GHz and Millimeter Wave Networks

et al. 2021

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Deploying sub-6 GHz macro-cell networks overlaid by millimeter wave (MMW) small-cells is a promising method to accommodate the unprecedented growth of data traffic demands and user devices. Although such a hybrid network could provide seamless connectivity and achieve high-quality services, there is a need to ensure that the growing number of base stations (BSs) does not affect biological safety, especially when the BSs are operated at high frequencies. This paper focuses on an analytical framework to investigate the electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure in a cellular network with coexisting sub-6 GHz and MMW BSs using a stochastic geometry approach. Locations of sub-6 GHz and MMW BSs are modeled as Poisson point processes (PPP). By incorporating different channel propagation, antenna, and fading models for sub-6 GHz and MMW tiers, the incident power density (IPD) coverage probability and the average IPD are derived and validated by Monte Carlo simulations. The impact of various system parameters such as BS density, number of antenna elements, and blockage density are investigated to gain insights on the network scenario. The results demonstrate that the variation of the EMF exposure level closely depends on the BS density and the number of antennas deployed at the BS. The results also show that the receiver sensitivity has a significant impact on the average IPD. For the same receiver sensitivity, it is revealed that an MMW user is exposed to a higher average IPD level than the sub-6 GHz counterpart. The results are also compared with the existing international regulations.INDEX TERMS Electromagnetic field (EMF), millimeter wave, sub-6 GHz, stochastic geometry, Poisson point process, incident power density.

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“…Meanwhile, the downlink in 5G is defined as the power resource that is centralized inside the BSs. Due to the changes in coverage exposure area in mmWave 5G, the downlink may also pose a hazard to human health [18]. In summary, the changes due to the adoption of 5G mmWave are as follows:…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, to the best of our knowledge, none of previous reviews focused on the health effects resulting from exposure from the 5G MP and BS antennas from 700 MHz to 30 GHz on the cognitive performance, well-being subjective symptoms, human physiological parameters, and EEG of adults. Moreover, a recent study [18] highlighted that 5G radiation at 28 GHz may represent a hazard to human health, making such assessment urgently needed. This is significant in determining whether 5G technology is indeed safe for human.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Effects of 5G Base Station Exposure: A Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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The Fifth Generation (5G) communication technology will deliver faster data speeds and support numerous new applications such as virtual and augmented reality. The additional need for a larger number of 5G base stations has sparked widespread public concerns about their possible negative health impacts. This review analyzes the latest research on electromagnetic exposure on humans, with particular attention to its effect on cognitive performance, well-being, physiological parameters, and Electroencephalography (EEG). While most of their results indicated no changes in cognitive function, physiological parameters, or overall well-being, the strength of the EEG alpha wave is noticed to vary depending on various aspects of cognitive functions. However, the available studies have not investigated the health effects resulting from exposure from the 5G mobile phone and base station antennas from 700 MHz to 30 GHz on the cognitive performance, well-being subjective symptoms, human physiological parameters, and EEG of adults. There is a need for such research regarding this current emerging technology. Such studies are significant in determining whether 5G technology is indeed safe for humans.

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Human Electromagnetic Field Exposure in 5G at 28 GHz

Cited by 22 publications

References 13 publications

RF-EMF Exposure Measurement for 5G Over Mm-Wave Base Station With MIMO Antenna

RF-EMF Exposure Measurement for 5G Over Mm-Wave Base Station With MIMO Antenna

Stochastic Geometry Analysis of Electromagnetic Field Exposure in Coexisting Sub-6 GHz and Millimeter Wave Networks

Health Effects of 5G Base Station Exposure: A Systematic Review

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