Human factors engineering guidance for the review of advanced alarm systems

O’Hara, John M.; Brown, William S.; Higgins, Joanne; Stubler, William F.

doi:10.2172/10189333

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…It is considered that operators are able to work more easily and effectively using digital HSI. As a direct consequence, the issue of how automation affects human performance has increasingly become the object of recent studies in this field (O'Hara, Persensky, & Szabo, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical left ventricular unloading prior to reperfusion reduces infarct size in a canine infarction model

Achour

Boccalandro

Felli

et al. 2005

Cathet. Cardiovasc. Intervent.

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We tested the hypothesis that unloading the left ventricle just prior to reperfusion provides infarct size reduction compared with left ventricular (LV) unloading postreperfusion and reperfusion alone. Twenty-four mongrel dogs were subjected to 2 hr of left anterior descending artery occlusion and 4 hr of reperfusion. A transvalvular (TV) left ventricular assist device (LVAD) was inserted just prior to reperfusion and maintained during the rest of the experiment (LV Assist Pre group). In the LV Assist Post group, the TV LVAD was inserted and activated just after reperfusion. A control group was subjected to reperfusion alone with a sham-TV LVAD. At baseline, the hemodynamic data were similar in the three groups. Myocardial infarct size expressed as percentage of area at risk was significantly reduced in the LV Assist Pre group compared to the control group (P = 0.011) and to the LV Assist Post group (P < 0.05). At 4 hr of reperfusion, transmural myocardial blood flow in the ischemic zone was slightly higher in the animals unloaded prior to reperfusion compared to controls and significantly higher than in the LV Assist Post group (P = 0.04). Postreperfusion end-diastolic wall thickness returned to baseline level in the TV LV Assist Pre group compared to both controls and TV LV Assist Post group. In these latter two groups, a significant increase in postreperfusion end-diastolic wall thickness and contraction band necrosis in the central ischemic zone correlated well with the degree of reperfusion injury. LV unloading prior to, but not after, reperfusion reduces the extent of myocardial necrosis in canine hearts subjected to 2 hr of left anterior descending artery occlusion and 4 hr of reperfusion compared to either reperfusion alone or LV unloading after reperfusion.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical left ventricular unloading prior to reperfusion reduces infarct size in a canine infarction model

Achour

Boccalandro

Felli

et al. 2005

Cathet. Cardiovasc. Intervent.

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“…The alarm system is one primary means whereby abnormalities and failures come to the attention of the personnel. An alarm system essentially is an automated monitoring and detection system that alerts operators via visual and/or auditory displays to specific conditions/events, such as when parameters deviate from specified limits or setpoints (O'Hara et al, 1994;O'Hara & Brown, 1999). Alarm systems accomplish their function via sensing, processing, and HSI elements.…”

Section: Monitoring and Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human-system Interfaces to Automatic Systems: Review Guidance and Technical Basis

O’Hara¹,

Higgins²

2010

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Automation is ubiquitous in modern complex systems, and commercial nuclear-power plants are no exception. Beyond controlling the plant's functions and systems, automation is applied to a wide range of other functions, including monitoring and detection, situation assessment, response planning, response implementation, and interface management. Automation has become a "team player" supporting personnel in nearly all aspects of operating the plant. In light of its increasing use and importance in new-and future-plants, guidance is needed to enable the NRC's staff to conduct safety reviews of the human factors engineering (HFE) aspects of modern automation. The objective of our research that we describe in this report was to develop guidance for reviewing the operator's interface with automation. We first characterized the important HFE aspects of automation, based on how it is implemented in current systems. This description had six dimensions: Levels of automation, functions of automation, processes of automation, modes of automation, flexibility of allocation, and reliability of automation. Next, we reviewed literature on the effects of all of these aspects of automation on human performance, and on the design of human-system interfaces (HSIs). Then, we used this technical basis established from the literature to develop guidance for reviewing designs. It consists of the following seven topics: Automation displays, interaction and control, automation modes, automation levels, adaptive automation, error tolerance and failure management, and, HSI integration. In addition, we offer our insights into the automationdesign process, operator training, and operations. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research is sponsored by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The views presented represent those of the authors alone and not necessarily those of the NRC. The authors wish to thank Stephen Fleger, the NRC Project Manager, and former Project Managers, Mike Boggie and Niav Hughes for their guidance and input during this research project. We are grateful to Val Barnes for her insights and helpful comments on the report. We also thank Avril Woodhead for her technical editing of this report and Maryann Julian for preparing the manuscript.

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“…The issues in this section were identified in Brown, O'Hara, and Higgins (2000); O'Hara, Brown, Hallbert, Skråning, Wachtel, and Persensky (2000); and O'Hara, Brown, Higgins, and Stubler, (1994).…”

Section: A2 Alarmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Factors Considerations in New Nuclear Power Plants: Detailed Analysis.

O’Hara¹,

Higgins²,

Brown³

et al. 2008

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This Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) sponsored study has identified human performance research that may be needed to support the review of a licensee's implementation of new technology in nuclear power plants. To identify the research issues, current industry developments and trends were evaluated in the areas of reactor technology, instrumentation and control technology, human-system integration technology, and human factors engineering (HFE) methods and tools. The research issues were organized into seven high-level HFE topic areas: Role of Personnel and Automation, Staffing and Training, Normal Operations Management, Disturbance and Emergency Management, Maintenance and Change Management, Plant Design and Construction, and HFE Methods and Tools. The issues were then prioritized into four categories using a "Phenomena Identification and Ranking Table" methodology based on evaluations provided by 14 independent subject matter experts. The subject matter experts were knowledgeable in a variety of disciplines. Vendors, utilities, research organizations and regulators all participated. Twenty issues were categorized into the top priority category. This Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) technical report provides the detailed methodology, issue analysis, and results. A summary of the results of this study can be found in NUREG/CR-6947. The information gathered in this project can serve as input to the development of a long-term strategy and plan for addressing human performance in these areas through regulatory research. Addressing human-performance issues will provide the technical basis from which regulatory review guidance can be developed.

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Human factors engineering guidance for the review of advanced alarm systems

Cited by 14 publications

References 30 publications

Mechanical left ventricular unloading prior to reperfusion reduces infarct size in a canine infarction model

Mechanical left ventricular unloading prior to reperfusion reduces infarct size in a canine infarction model

Human-system Interfaces to Automatic Systems: Review Guidance and Technical Basis

Human Factors Considerations in New Nuclear Power Plants: Detailed Analysis.

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