Human Factors of Emergency Evacuation

Mohler, Stanley R.; Swearingen, John J.; McFadden, Ernest B.; Garner, James

doi:10.4271/640785

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 4 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The fi rst FAA Offi ce of Aviation Medicine Report on contingencies of evacuations was Evacuation Pattern Analysis of a Survivable Commercial Aircraft Crash (Hasbrook, Garner & Snow, 1962). Subsequent to that report, Mohler, Swearingen, McFadden and Garner (1965) published Human Factors of Emergency Evacuations, which analyzed 49 incidents/accidents and 66 aircraft evacuation demonstrations to provide recommendations on 1) seating density, 2) aisle width, 3) exit number, size, and location, 4) exit markings, and 5) exit-opening strength requirements, as well as a number of human factors issues related to post-crash survival. The fi rst published experimental investigation of factors related to evacuation of a crashed airplane occurred in 1964 (Garner and Blethrow, 1966).…”

Section: Evacuation Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Access-to-egress: A meta-analysis of the factors that control emergency evacuation through the transport airplane type-III overwing exit.

McLean¹

2001

PsycEXTRA Dataset

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The factors that control emergency evacuation from transport aircraft are many. The physical factors include the aircraft structure and the configuration of aircraft interior components such as aisles, seating arrangements, monument placements, and crewmember assist spaces. Information factors related to emergency evacuation include safety briefing cards and videos, signs, placards, emergency lighting and marking systems, and verbal briefings by the crew. Trained crewmembers perform the functions necessary to initiate and conduct emergency evacuations, providing passenger management functions intended to produce fast and effective evacuations. Individual passengers have a large, typically negative, impact on the conduct of emergency evacuations, resulting from their general naivete regarding aircraft emergencies and the proper procedures needed to cope with such circumstances. Egress through the Type-III overwing exit is particularly susceptible to this deficiency, since passengers typically must operate the exit as well as use it. Research efforts conducted to define the relative contributions of these factors have been focused to a large degree on the interior configuration of transport aircraft, attempting to establish the appropriate access-to-egress required. These studies have employed an array of techniques and posited an assortment of experimental questions designed to address the issue, resulting in a comprehensive body of evidence related to access-toegress, particularly for the Type-III exit. Additional information has been provided about many of the other factors that also exert control of evacuations, allowing assessments to be made regarding the relative importance of individual factors, and their various combination(s), on the outcome of emergency evacuations. This analytical review of the studies conducted to address access to the Type-III exit has confirmed that human factors effects related to passengers present the biggest challenge to the execution of successful evacuations. Deficiencies that may exist regarding configural and informational egress factors are expressed through their interactions with these human factors effects, which have often made determination of specific deficiencies more difficult. Solutions to overcoming deficiencies must address both the specific deficiency and its interactiveness.

show abstract

Section: Evacuation Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Access-to-egress: A meta-analysis of the factors that control emergency evacuation through the transport airplane type-III overwing exit.

McLean¹

2001

PsycEXTRA Dataset

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Also, the FAA recently published emergency evacuation information and, as was also pointed out in its Advance Notice of Proposed Rule Making-Notice 63-34, noted that crew fatigue at the time of an emergency (including stewardess ), fatigue) can impair the efficiency of emergency escape.4o, 77 . ALPA's response to the Notice reflects considerable thought, and the imaginativ~ development of a "duty time" hand computer bears serious study .…”

Section: Selected Commentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatigue in Aviation Activities

Mohler¹

1965

PsycEXTRA Dataset

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…The rule was established after the advent of the jet era, in 1965, with 120 s, and it has been evolving to incorporate improvements in interior materials [8,12], escape equipment [9,13], and more complete and improved crew training [7,[14][15][16][17]. Both American and European standards have gathered these requirements into their respective codes [10,11].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To allow the reader a full understanding of the results, a summary of the model's main features is presented in the next section. [20,21] 1978-1980 CAMI-FAA Certification FIREVAC [7] 1984 NASA/Simulation Tech, Inc. Fire accident reconstruction GA [22,23] 1987-1992 FAA/Gourary Associates Accident reconstruction AIREVAC [24][25][26] AIRCEVAC 1991-1994 ATA/South West Research Institute Certification airEXODUS [27][28][29] 1993-Greenwich University Certification and accident reconstruction RAM [30,31] 1994-1996 Cranfield University Certification and accident reconstruction OOO [12] 1996-1997 CAMI-FAA/Oklahoma University Theoretical model DEM [32] 2001-Strathclyde University Certification and accident reconstruction VacateAir [33][34][35] 2008-State University of New York at Buffalo Certification (psychological aspects) ETSIA [42,43] 2009-Universidad Politecnica de Madrid Certification and design…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…is related to fire and toxic gases. Consequently, a key factor for survival after the accident is the ability to quickly evacuate the airplane [7][8][9]. To assess the evacuation capability of a new transport airplane, airworthiness authorities have developed a set of requirements [10,11] that have to be met by airplane manufacturers and airlines to ensure a minimum in evacuation performance.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Assessment of Narrow-Body Transport Airplane Evacuation by Numerical Simulation

Hedo

Martínez‐Val

2011

Journal of Aircraft

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This paper presents the results obtained with a new agent-based computer model that can simulate the evacuation of narrow-body transport airplanes in the conditions prescribed by the airworthiness regulations for certification. The model, described in detail in a former paper, has been verified with real data of narrow-body certification demonstrations. Numerical simulations of around 20 narrow-body aircraft, representative of current designs in various market segments, show the capabilities of the model and provide relevant information on the relationship between cabin features and emergency evacuation. The longitudinal location of emergency exits seems to be even more important than their size or the overall margin with respect to the prescribed number and type of exits indicated by the airworthiness requirements.Nomenclature ETR = evacuation time ratio, T eva =90 N att = number of cabin attendants N flg = number of flight crew members N max = maximum number of seats according to number and type of exits in cabin N pax = number of passengers onboard N seat = number of seats in cabin Oxyz = reference system to locate all elements of cabin SCR = seating capacity ratio, N seat =N max T eva = evacuation time, t end t sta , s; also average evacuation time in a series of simulation runs T 95 = 95% confidence interval of evacuation time t end = time point when last occupant reaches ground or safe place t fee = time point when first exit is unoccupied t lea = time point when last exit is operative t sta = time origin of simulation run eva = standard deviation of evacuation time in series of simulation runs, s

show abstract

Human Factors of Emergency Evacuation

Cited by 7 publications

References 4 publications

Access-to-egress: A meta-analysis of the factors that control emergency evacuation through the transport airplane type-III overwing exit.

Access-to-egress: A meta-analysis of the factors that control emergency evacuation through the transport airplane type-III overwing exit.

Fatigue in Aviation Activities

Assessment of Narrow-Body Transport Airplane Evacuation by Numerical Simulation

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About