Human fascioliasis emergence risks in developed countries: From individual patients and small epidemics to climate and global change impacts

Mas‐Coma, Santiago

doi:10.1016/j.eimce.2020.01.004

Cited by 7 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…This scenario is consequently different from that in the Bolivian Altiplano hyperendemic area where transmission foci are linked to freshwater collections deriving from water coming from the Eastern Andean Chain [ 6 , 33 ], as well as from the mainly natural transmission foci in the human hyperendemic area in the Peruvian valley of Cajamarca [ 54 , 55 ]. The Egyptian scenario is similar, nevertheless, to the hyperendemic area of the Peruvian Altiplano of Puno linked to a man-made irrigation in Asillo [ 11 ], and also to the human infection area linked to the wide irrigation system in the Punjab province of Pakistan [ 7 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The amphibious characteristics and marked environment dependence of the lymnaeid snail vectors and the management, movements and transport of livestock underlie the great impact of climate change and global change on this disease, respectively [ 5 , 6 ]. These changes are linked to the increasing number of human fascioliasis reports and higher infection risk not only in endemic areas of low-income countries but also in developed countries [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Very High Fascioliasis Intensities in Schoolchildren from Nile Delta Governorates, Egypt: The Old World Highest Burdens Found in Lowlands

et al. 2021

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Quantitative coprological analyses of children were performed in Alexandria and Behera governorates, Egypt, to ascertain whether individual intensities in the Nile Delta lowlands reach high levels as those known in hyperendemic highland areas of Latin America. Analyses focused on subjects presenting intensities higher than 400 eggs per gram of faeces (epg), the high burden cut-off according to WHO classification. A total of 96 children were found to shed between 408 and 2304 epg, with arithmetic and geometric means of 699.5 and 629.07 epg, respectively. Intensities found are the highest hitherto recorded in Egypt, and also in the whole Old World. A total of 38 (39.6%) were males and 58 (60.4%) were females, with high intensities according to gender following a negative binomial distribution. The high burden distribution shows a peak in the 7–10 year-old children group, more precocious in females than males. Results showed high burdens in winter to be remarkably higher than those known in summer. The fascioliasis scenario in Egyptian lowlands shows similarities to highlands of Bolivia and Peru. Diagnostic methods, pathogenicity and morbidity in high burdens should be considered. The need for an appropriate quantitative assessment of heavy infected children to avoid post-treatment colic episodes is highlighted.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Very High Fascioliasis Intensities in Schoolchildren from Nile Delta Governorates, Egypt: The Old World Highest Burdens Found in Lowlands

et al. 2021

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“…Finally, the adaptation of the liver fluke to the pig parallelly focuses on its adaptation to another physiologically close omnivorous mammal as humans. In these endemic areas, human infection appears always manifested by faecal shedding of fasciolid eggs reaching high epg outputs [ 12 , 14 , 98 ], whereas the liver fluke is known to produce no eggs when infecting humans in several zones where human infection is rare or sporadic [ 4 ], as in many developed countries [ 99 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Domestic pig prioritized in one health action against fascioliasis in human endemic areas: Experimental assessment of transmission capacity and epidemiological evaluation of reservoir role

et al. 2021

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The Northern Bolivian Altiplano is the human fascioliasis hyperendemic area where the highest prevalences and intensities in humans have been reported. Preventive chemotherapy was implemented in the last ten years. Surveillance showed high human infection and re-infection rates in between the annual triclabendazole monodose treatments. A complementary One Health control action was launched to decrease the infection risk. Among the multidisciplinary axes, there is the need to establish animal reservoir species priorities for a more efficient control. Laboratory and field studies were performed for the first time to assess the Fasciola hepatica transmission capacity of the pig and its potential reservoir role. The experimental follow-up of altiplanic pig isolates through altiplanic Galba truncatula snail vector isolates were performed at different miracidial doses and different day/night temperatures. Experiments included egg embryonation, miracidial infectivity, lymnaeid snail infection, intramolluscan larval development, cercarial production, chronobiology of the cercarial shedding, vector survival to infection, metacercarial infectivity of mammal host, and adult stage development. Surveys included the assessment of prevalence, intensity, egg measurements and egg shedding rates in nature. Pig contribution was evaluated by comparing with the main altiplanic reservoirs sheep and cattle. Results demonstrated that the pig assures the whole F. hepatica life cycle and participates in its transmission in this area. The fast egg embryonation, high cercarial production, long multi-wave shedding chronobiological pattern in monomiracidial infections at permanent 20 °C temperature, and the high daily egg outputs per pig are worth mentioning. The high infection risk suggests early infection of freely running piglets and evolutionary long-term adaptation of the liver fluke to this omnivorous mammal, despite its previously evoked resistance or non-suitability. Genetic, physiological and immune similarities with humans may also underlie the parasite adaptation to humans in this area. The pig should be accordingly included for appropriate control measures within a One Health action against human fascioliasis. The pig should henceforth be considered in epidemiological studies and control initiatives not only in fascioliasis endemic areas with human infection risk on other Andean countries, but also in rural areas of Latin America, Africa and Asia where domestic pigs are allowed to run freely.

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“…The description of several human endemic areas in different continents, where infection may occur very early in life [ 19 ], and the increasing number of reports on fasciolid infected patients throughout, not only in low-income countries but also in developed countries [ 20 ], led the World Health Organization to include this disease among the group of food-borne trematodiases within the list of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) [ 21 ]. Within this framework, the WHO launched a worldwide strategy of preventive chemotherapy based on the availability of a very efficient drug for human treatment, triclabendazole [ 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fascioliasis in Llama, Lama glama, in Andean Endemic Areas: Experimental Transmission Capacity by the High Altitude Snail Vector Galba truncatula and Epidemiological Analysis of Its Reservoir Role

Mas‐Coma

Cafrune

Funatsu

et al. 2021

Animals

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South American camelids are definitive hosts of Fasciola hepatica. However, their capacity to participate in the transmission and epidemiology of fascioliasis has never been appropriately studied. Therefore, an F. hepatica isolate from Argentine llama is for the first time analyzed using Galba truncatula lymnaeids from Bolivia. Experimental follow-up studies included egg embryogenesis, miracidial infection of lymnaeid snails, intramolluscan larval development, cercarial production, chronobiology of cercarial shedding, vector survival to infection, and metacercarial infectivity of mammal host. Shorter prepatent and patent periods were leading to markedly lower cercarial production, shorter cercarial shedding, and a higher negative impact on snail survival. The usually low liver fluke prevalences and intensities and low daily fecal outputs indicate that llamas do not substantially contribute to fascioliasis transmission. The defecating behavior in dung piles far from freshwater collections prevents lymnaeid infection by eggs shed by this camelid. All results suggest the reservoir role of the llama to be negligible and, therefore, no priority within control measures in endemic areas. However, llamas may play a disease-spreading role if used as pack animals in rural areas. In the Northern Bolivian Altiplano human hyperendemic area, neither llamas nor alpacas should be considered for control measures within a One Health action.

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Human fascioliasis emergence risks in developed countries: From individual patients and small epidemics to climate and global change impacts

Cited by 7 publications

References 19 publications

Very High Fascioliasis Intensities in Schoolchildren from Nile Delta Governorates, Egypt: The Old World Highest Burdens Found in Lowlands

Very High Fascioliasis Intensities in Schoolchildren from Nile Delta Governorates, Egypt: The Old World Highest Burdens Found in Lowlands

Domestic pig prioritized in one health action against fascioliasis in human endemic areas: Experimental assessment of transmission capacity and epidemiological evaluation of reservoir role

Fascioliasis in Llama, Lama glama, in Andean Endemic Areas: Experimental Transmission Capacity by the High Altitude Snail Vector Galba truncatula and Epidemiological Analysis of Its Reservoir Role

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