Human glandular kallikrein 2 (hK2) expression in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma: A novel prostate cancer marker

Darson, Micheal F.; Pacelli, Anna; Roche, Patrick C.; Rittenhouse, Harry G.; Wolfert, Robert L.; Young, Charles Y.F.; Klee, George G.; Tindall, Donald J.; Bostwick, David G.

doi:10.1016/s0090-4295(97)00108-8

Cited by 206 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Among premenopausal women we observed a nonsignificant trend toward higher serum PSA in women with cancer, whereas among postmenopausal women serum PSA levels were significantly higher in those without cancer. PSA levels in the blood of normal men are lower than in men with prostate cancer, yet gland levels are higher in normal males (35). It appears that PSA expression in premenopausal women may mimic the pattern in males, with breastspecific (both NAF and tissue) PSA being higher and serum PSA being lower in normal women than in those with breast cancer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Circulating testosterone and prostate-specific antigen in nipple aspirate fluid and tissue are associated with breast cancer.

Sauter

Tichansky

Chervoneva

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

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Preliminary evidence has associated testosterone and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) with breast cancer. Our objective was to determine whether a) testosterone levels in nipple aspirate fluid (NAF), serum, or breast tissue are associated with breast cancer; b) testosterone levels in serum are associated with levels in NAF; c) PSA in NAF, serum, or breast tissue is associated with breast cancer; and d) serum PSA is associated with NAF PSA levels. We obtained 342 NAF specimens from 171 women by means of a modified breast pump. Additionally, we collected 201 blood samples from 99 women and 51 tissue samples from 41 subjects who underwent surgical resection for suspected disease. Women currently using birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy were excluded from the study. Controlling for age and menopausal status, serum testosterone was significantly increased in women with breast cancer (p = 0.002). NAF and serum testosterone levels were not associated. Neither NAF nor tissue testosterone was associated with breast cancer. Controlling for menopausal status and age, NAF PSA was significantly decreased in women with breast cancer (p < 0.001). We did not find serum PSA to be associated with breast cancer, although we found an indication that, in postmenopausal women, its levels were lower in women with cancer. Serum PSA was associated with NAF PSA in postmenopausal women (p < 0.001). PSA levels in cancerous tissue were significantly lower than in benign breast specimens from subjects without cancer (p = 0.011), whereas levels of PSA in histologically benign specimens from subjects with cancer were intermediate. Our results suggest that serum testosterone is increased and NAF PSA is decreased in women with breast cancer, with PSA expression being higher in normal than in cancerous breast tissues. NAF and serum PSA levels in postmenopausal women are correlated, suggesting that as laboratory assessment of PSA becomes more sensitive, serum PSA may become useful in identifying women with breast cancer.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Circulating testosterone and prostate-specific antigen in nipple aspirate fluid and tissue are associated with breast cancer.

Sauter

Tichansky

Chervoneva

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

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“…The spent media from the dose-response experiments were tested to see if EGCG had an eect on prostatespeci®c antigen (PSA) secretion levels. PSA is not only the most common biomarker for prostate cancer, but it is also an excellent marker for monitoring androgen action in human prostate cells (Trapman and Darson et al, 1997;Zhang et al, 1997a,b). PSA levels in spent media were determined by immunometric assay and normalized by cell number.…”

Section: Egcg Inhibits Lncap Cell Growth and Psa And Hk2 Expressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tea polyphenols down-regulate the expression of the androgen receptor in LNCaP prostate cancer cells

et al. 2000

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Androgens via their cognate receptor may be involved in the development and progression of prostate cancer. The aim of this study was to determine whether tea polyphenols have inhibitory eects on androgen action in an androgen-responsive, prostate cancer cell line, LNCaP. The tea polyphenol, EGCG, inhibited LNCaP cell growth and the expression of androgen regulated PSA and hK2 genes. Moreover, EGCG had a signi®cant inhibitory eect on the androgenic inducibility of the PSA promoter. Immunoblotting detected a decrease in androgen receptor protein with treatments of the tea polyphenols EGCG, GCG and thea¯avins. Northern blot analysis showed decreased levels of androgen receptor mRNA by EGCG. Transient transfections demonstrated that EGCG and thea¯avins could repress the transcriptional activities of the androgen receptor promoter region. An Sp1 binding site in the androgen receptor gene promoter is an important regulatory component for its expression. This study suggests Sp1 is the target for the tea polyphenols because treatments of EGCG decreased the expression, DNA binding activity and transactivation activity of Sp1 protein. In conclusion, we have described a new property of tea polyphenols that inhibits androgen action by repressing the transcription of the androgen receptor gene.

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“…Moreover, the relationship with tumor grade remains unclear since it has been suggested that total PSA expression decreases with higher Gleason scores. 11,12 Classical prognostic tools based on pretreatment PSA levels, such as Partin tables 13 and Kattan nomograms [14][15][16] have become less reliable because of the continuous shift toward earlier stages of the disease at diagnosis. Consequently, the upper limit of normality of 4.0 ng ml À1 , that was set in initial studies, may no longer be optimal since it has been proven that a significant number of cancers remained undetected in patients with PSA levels below this cutoff point.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New circulating biomarkers for prostate cancer

Bensalah

Lotan

Karam

et al. 2007

Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis

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Human glandular kallikrein 2 (hK2) expression in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma: A novel prostate cancer marker

Cited by 206 publications

References 16 publications

Circulating testosterone and prostate-specific antigen in nipple aspirate fluid and tissue are associated with breast cancer.

Circulating testosterone and prostate-specific antigen in nipple aspirate fluid and tissue are associated with breast cancer.

Tea polyphenols down-regulate the expression of the androgen receptor in LNCaP prostate cancer cells

New circulating biomarkers for prostate cancer

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